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Alcohol: The Biology, Chemistry, & Pharmacology Rochelle D. Schwartz-Bloom, PhD

Alcohol: The Biology, Chemistry, & Pharmacology Rochelle D. Schwartz-Bloom, PhD J. Suzanne Sikes, PhD Myra J. Halpin, PhD. Pharmacology principles. Pharmacokinetics. Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion. Pharmacology principles. Pharmacodynamics. How alcohol works

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Alcohol: The Biology, Chemistry, & Pharmacology Rochelle D. Schwartz-Bloom, PhD

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  1. Alcohol: The Biology, Chemistry, & Pharmacology Rochelle D. Schwartz-Bloom, PhD J. Suzanne Sikes, PhD Myra J. Halpin, PhD

  2. Pharmacology principles Pharmacokinetics Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion

  3. Pharmacology principles Pharmacodynamics How alcohol works Adverse effects Toxicity Drug interactions

  4. Pharmacology is biology • cell types • cell membrane structure • filtration, passive diffusion, active tr. • R vs L circulatory system • genetics

  5. Pharmacology is chemistry • polarity • bond formation • concentration gradient • chemical reactions • enzymes as catalysts

  6. Alcohol Absorption

  7. greater surface area Absorption: Stomach vs Intestine

  8. Alcohol moves into the blood passively

  9. Water moves through pores

  10. Ethanol is small and polar

  11. Ethanol has some non-polar character

  12. Alcohol moves by filtration & passive diffusion

  13. Alcohol moves into the blood passively

  14. Water & small solutes move through holes in capillaries

  15. Ethanol is distributed everywhere

  16. Ethanol distributes into water spaces Males: low fat:water Females: high fat:water BAC: males < females

  17. The blood-brain-barrier: Not for alcohol!

  18. The blood-brain-barrier: Not for alcohol! Passive diffusion is key

  19. Symptoms of intoxication

  20. motor memory pleasure judgment risk impulsivity balance breathing, heart rate vomiting Symptoms of intoxication depend on brain region affected

  21. Neurons fire electrical impulses

  22. glutamate receptors GABA receptors

  23. Alcohol depresses neuron firing

  24. How does alcohol work? • Glutamate increases firing • Alcohol blocks glutamate receptors • affects judgment • reduces memory

  25. How does alcohol work? • GABA decreases firing • Alcohol opens GABA receptors • incoordination • reduces memory • slurred speech • disinhibits (obnoxious!)

  26. Alcohol increases Cl- entry into neurons through GABA receptor channels More negative charges inside the cell decreases firing

  27. Blackouts: Disruption in the hippocampus Hippocampus = memory!

  28. Alcohol can shrink the hippocampus

  29. Alcohol decreases neurogenesis

  30. Alcohol causes cell suicide (apoptosis)

  31. ….5 minute break

  32. Getting rid of alcohol

  33. The “first pass” effect: Metabolism in the stomach guys yes, girls no

  34. The “first pass” effect: Metabolism in the liver guys +++, girls ++

  35. Ethanol metabolism: oxidation x 2

  36. H H3C C O All about acetaldehyde sweating rapid heart rate nausea dizziness headache hangover symptoms cellular damage

  37. Ethanol Oxidation Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH) ethanol ---> acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) acetaldehyde ---> acetic acid

  38. H O H H N London forces O Ethanol binds to an active site

  39. H O H H N London forces O Oxidation: ethanol loses 2 e- (a H atom)

  40. Many types of ADH & ALDH ADH: 7 proteins ALDH: 2 major proteins

  41. ADH1 ADH2 ADH3 ADH4 ADH5 ADH6 ADH7 *1 *2 *3 Polymorphic (in liver) Monomorphic (in stomach) Fast: decreased risk of alcoholism (Asians) Slow: increased risk of Alcoholism (Caucasians) Genetic Polymorphisms ethanol ---> acetaldehyde

  42. Exhaling alcohol and the Breathalyzer

  43. Alcohol vaporizes in the airsacs

  44. Alcohol vaporizes easier than water Less H bonds to break

  45. Why teach about alcohol?

  46. Biology….. • cell types • cell membrane structure • filtration, passive diffusion, active tr. • DNA structure, protein synthesis • R vs L circulatory system • genetics

  47. & Chemistry • polarity • bond formation • concentration gradient • chemical reactions • enzymes as catalysts

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