Andrew McCallum, Kamal Nigam, Lyle H. Unger Presented by Danny Wyatt

1. The Canopies Algorithmfrom “Efficient Clustering of High-Dimensional Data Sets with Application to Reference Matching” Andrew McCallum, Kamal Nigam, Lyle H. Unger Presented by Danny Wyatt

2. Record Linkage Methods • As classification [Felligi & Sunter] • Data point is a pair of records • Each pair is classified as “match” or “not match” • Post-process with transitive closure • As clustering • Data point is an individual record • All records in a cluster are considered a match • No transitive closure if no cluster overlap

3. Motivation • Either way, n2 such evaluations must be performed • Evaluations can be expensive • Many features to compare • Costly metrics (e.g. string edit distance) • Non-matches far outnumber matches • Can we quickly eliminate obvious non-matches to focus effort?

4. Canopies • A fast comparison groups the data into overlapping “canopies” • The expensive comparison for full clustering is only performed for pairs in the same canopy • No loss in accuracy if: “For every traditional cluster, there exists a canopy such that all elements of the cluster are in the canopy”

5. Creating Canopies • Define two thresholds • Tight: T1 • Loose: T2 • Put all records into a set S • While S is not empty • Remove any record r from S and create a canopy centered at r • For each other record ri, compute cheap distance d from r to ri • If d < T2, place ri in r’s canopy • If d < T1, remove ri from S

6. Creating Canopies • Points can be in more than one canopy • Points within the tight threshold will not start a new canopy • Final number of canopies depends on threshold values and distance metric • Experimental validation suggests that T1 and T2 should be equal

7. Canopies and GAC • Greedy Agglomerative Clustering • Make fully connected graph with a node for each data point • Edge weights are computed distances • Run Kruskal’s MST algorithm, stopping when you have a forest of k trees • Each tree is a cluster • With Canopies • Only create edges between points in the same canopy • Run as before

8. EM Clustering • Create k cluster prototypes c1…ck • Until convergence • Compute distance from each record to each prototype ( O(kn) ) • Use that distance to compute probability of each prototype given the data • Move the prototypes to maximize their probabilities

9. Canopies and EM Clustering • Method 1 • Distances from prototype to data points only computed within a canopies containing the prototype • Note that prototypes can cross canopies • Method 2 • Same as one, but also use all canopy centers to account for outside data points • Method 3 • Same as 1, but dynamically create and destroy prototypes using existing techniques

10. Complexity • n : number of data points • c : number of canopies • f : average number of canopies covering a data point • Thus, expect fn/c data points per canopy • Total distance comparisons needed becomes

11. Reference Matching Results • Labeled subset of Cora data • 1916 citations to 121 distinct papers • Cheap metric • Based on shared words in citations • Inverted index makes finding that fast • Expensive metric • Customized string edit distance between extracted author, title, date, and venue fields • GAC for final clustering

12. Reference Matching Results

13. Discussion • How do cheap and expensive distance metrics interact? • Ensure the canopies property • Maximize number of canopies • Minimize overlap • Probabilistic extraction, probabilistic clustering • How do the two interact? • Canopies and classification-based linkage • Only calculate pair data points for records in the same canopy