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WEEK 13 – WAR, VIOLENCE AND MODERNITY (2): CIVIL VIOLENCE

WEEK 13 – WAR, VIOLENCE AND MODERNITY (2): CIVIL VIOLENCE. Lecture Two Terror, Genocide and Massacre in the Twentieth Century . Circles of Hell – but three different ones. Gulag – neglect, incompetence, imbalance of state which claims all rights and individuals who have none.

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WEEK 13 – WAR, VIOLENCE AND MODERNITY (2): CIVIL VIOLENCE

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  1. WEEK 13 – WAR, VIOLENCE AND MODERNITY (2): CIVIL VIOLENCE Lecture Two Terror, Genocide and Massacre in the Twentieth Century

  2. Circles of Hell – but three different ones Gulag – neglect, incompetence, imbalance of state which claims all rights and individuals who have none. Final Solution – cold, clinical, ‘modern’, ‘efficient’, bureaucratic, logistical death machine geared to extermination Massacre – blood lust; even depraved pleasure. Mainly racial/ethnic Memorialisation – Remembering violence – can we remember war and atrocity in ways that prevent it rather than encourage further war and atrocity

  3. Great Terror – USSR 1936-8 c. 900,000 executions (1930-53 – includes wartime) c.1.5m. camp deaths 461 places of detainment maybe 15 m. imprisoned at some time in period 1930-53 (includes criminals)

  4. Why? (Cold War influence on interpretations) totalitarian thesis (communism nazism)deliberate, centrally-controlled;spread terror to cow and atomise the populationrevisionistsweak, ramshackle stateminimise extent and impactblame local officials for snowball effectpost revisionistsdisorganized statecentre’s fear of enemies‘limity’ / quotas snowball

  5. NKVD Order 00447 30 July 1937 Приказ НКВД от 30.07.1937 № 00447 Admin area Cat 1 Cat2 Total 33. Западнаяобласть 1000; 5000; 6000 34. Ивановскаяобласть 750; 2000; 2750 35. Калининскаяобласть 1000; 3000; 4000 36. Курскаяобласть 1000; 3000; 4000 37. Куйбышевскаяобласть 1000; 4000; 5000 38. Кировскаяобласть 500; 1500; 2000 39. Ленинградскаяобласть 4000; 10000;14000 40. Московскаяобласть 5000; 30000; 3500

  6. Before The ‘Final Solution’ Nazi antisemitism (initially to expel Jews e.g. to Mauritius; links to forms of zionism; scapegoating; populist demagoguery)SS Einsatzgruppen (Special Squads) 1939-45 (liquidate Jews, Communists, Gypsies, Gays et al.)

  7. The ‘Final Solution’ strengthens as regime weakens Wannsee Conference (20/1/42)  massive effort to bring together and exterminate Jews  ‘modern’ slaughter (individual execution slow and emotionally costly – for executioners, that is)  ‘factories of death’ (Auschwitz-Birkenau et al.) process of transports selectiongas chambers crematoria (5-6m. dead) (also slave labour camps – c. 2m. Russian prisoners die) needs bureaucracy; communications; logistics. (As does Great Terror – Labour camps have their own economic targets)

  8. Massacres Armenians 1915-1918 – 500,000-800,000 dead out of 1.5 – 1.7 million Nanking (China) ‘Kill All! Burn All! Loot All!’ December-January 1937-8 Indonesia (1965-6) perhaps 1 million dead Cambodia/Kampuchea Sabra and Chatila (Lebanon) 4000 dead September 1982 Srebrenica (Bosnia) July 1995 – 7000 dead) Rwanda 1994 (up to 800,000 dead)

  9. Some Recent Debates 1 Goldhagen – Hitler’s Willing Executioners (cf Christopher Browning – Ordinary Men) Jan Gross – Neighbours: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland TsvetanTodorov – Facing the Extreme: Moral Life in the Concentration Camps Mark Levene and Penny Roberts (eds) – The Massacre in History Timothy Snyder Bloodlands

  10. Recent Debates 2Memorialisation Peter Novick – The Holocaust in American Life Norman Finkelstein – The Holocaust Industry Eva Hoffman ‘The Uses of Hell’ in New York Review of Books March 9, 2000 IstvanDeak ‘Heroes and victims’ in New York Review of Books May 31 2001 (on Jedwabne and others)

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