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Networking Technologies

Networking Technologies. Understand Networking Principles – part3 Dr. Husam Osta 2012. Cloud Computing - problem. The use of the internet & computing has generated a huge amount of information on daily basis Managing these huge amount of information

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Networking Technologies

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  1. Networking Technologies Understand Networking Principles – part3 Dr. HusamOsta 2012

  2. Cloud Computing - problem • The use of the internet & computing has generated a huge amount of information on daily basis • Managing these huge amount of information • Cloud computing will keep it within the cloud of the internet so that it is available to other users at the same time • Cloud computing contains • Hardware • Software • stores information that is available to users at all times and it can be accessed from across the globe.

  3. Cloud Computing - definition • What is Cloud Computing ? • Is Internet-based computing • shared resources, software, and information are provided to computers and other devices on demand • Cloud computing • anything that involves delivering hosted services over the internet and includes any subscription-based or pay-by-use service that, in real time, extends IT’s existing capabilities

  4. Cloud Computing • Traditionally, if you’ve used a computer – you’ve installed software (such as Microsoft Word, Outlook, etc.) on your computer along with the files created, have been stored on your computer. • Today, software has migrated to be “installed” and used on the Internet. • Using these softwares through a web browser such as Internet Explorer, Chrome, Firefox, or even a smart-phone such as an Android phones & iPhones. • Instead of clicking an icon in your START menu to access a program, you can click a “Bookmark” or “Favorite” in your web browser to access it.

  5. Cloud computing - example • Allows users to share information with other users in a work space • by putting it inside the cloud of network. • Users can pick files which they need from the cloud. • This saves the cost of paper and printer, and it saves time to transfer files to other parts of the work place. • Employees in a work place can also share hardware. • Users can use single printer or scanner, which will eliminate the need to have multiple printers for each computer. • Cloud computing requires a network of computers where employees can share and communicate with each other through their computers.

  6. Cloud computing - example • Google Docs (https://docs.google.com) and Office360 (www.office365.com) are open source online office tools which allow users to perform all major tasks of MS Office. • Online storage space such as at Amazon Web Services (http://aws.amazon.com) and Rackspace (www.rackspace.com). However there are cheaper or even free alternatives such as Dropbox (www.dropbox.com) and Microsoft’s Skydrive (https://skydrive.live.com), and they offer good amount of free online storage.

  7. INTERNETVSCLOUD COMPUTING

  8. Internet VS Cloud Computing • Internet • is a global network of billions of interconnected computers around the world. • It offers many resources and services such as the World Wide Web and email. This is to access trillions of hyperlinked documents. • Cloud Computing • The focus has moved towards offering all of the resources over the Internet. • Which offers many resources such as software, platforms and infrastructure as services.

  9. Internet VS Cloud Computing • Internet is a network of networks, which provides software/hardware infrastructure to establish and maintain connectivity of the computers around the word • Cloud computing is a new technology that delivers many types of resources over the Internet. • http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-internet-and-vs-cloud-computing/ • Cloud computing could be identified as a technology that uses the Internet as the communication medium to deliver its services • Cloud computing cannot operate globally without the Internet

  10. Cloud computing is broken down into few different categories based on the type of service provided. • SaaS (Software as a Service) is the category of cloud computing in which the main resources available as a service are software applications. • PaaS (Platform as a Service) is the category/application of cloud computing in which the service providers deliver a computing platform or a solution stack to their subscribers over the Internet. • IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) is the category of cloud computing in which the main resources available as a service are hardware infrastructure. • DaaS (Desktop as a Service), which is an emerging –aaS service deals with providing a whole desktop experience over the Internet. This is sometimes referred to as desktop virtualization/virtual desktop or hosted desktop.

  11. Management Protocols • Element Management System (EMS) • Network Management System (NMS)

  12. Element Management System (EMS) • It consists of systems and applications for managing network elements (NE)  • EMS manages one or more of a specific type of telecommunications network element. • EMS manages the functions and capabilities within each NE but does not manage the traffic between different NEs in the network. 

  13. Network Management System (NMS) • Is a combination of hardware and software used to monitor and administer a computer network. • NMS manages the network devices. • faults, configuration, accounting, performance, security (FCAPS) management. • Management tasks include • discovering network inventory, • monitoring device health and status, • providing alerts to conditions that impact system performance, • identification of problems, their source and possible solutions.

  14. Comparison between Network Management System (NMS) & Element Management System (EMS) • NMS: • provides an integrated system for sharing device information across management applications, • automation of device management tasks, • visibility into the health and capability of the network, • identification and localization of network trouble. • EMS: • is a carrier class management solution • It is capable of scaling as the network grows, (number of nods) • maintaining high performance levels as the number of network events increase, (number of tasks) • providing simplified addition with third-party systems.

  15. Common Protocols • Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) • Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) • Post Office Protocol (POP) Version 3 • File Transfer Protocol (FTP) • Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

  16. Common Protocols • Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) • HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web. • HTTP is an Application Layer protocol designed within the framework of the Internet Protocol Suite. • The protocol definitions presume a reliable Transport Layer protocol for host-to-host data transfer. • The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is the dominant protocol in use for this purpose.

  17. Common Protocols • File Transfer Protocol (FTP) • is a standard network protocol used to transfer files from one host to another host over a TCP-based network, such as the Internet. • It is often used to upload web pages and other documents from a private development machine to a public web-hosting server

  18. Common Protocols • Post Office Protocol (POP) Version 3 • Used by local e-mail clients to retrieve e-mail from a remote server over a TCP/IP connection. • POP and IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) are the two most common Internet standard protocols for e-mail retrieval. • Virtually all modern e-mail clients and servers support both. • IMAP, POP3 is supported by most webmail services such as Hotmail, Gmail and Yahoo! Mail.

  19. Common Protocols • Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) • SMTP is a delivery protocol only. • It cannot pull messages from a remote server on demand. • Other protocols, such as the Post Office Protocol (POP) and the Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) are specifically designed for retrieving messages and managing mail boxes. • SMTP has a feature to initiate mail queue processing on a remote server so that the requesting system may receive any messages destined for. • POP and IMAP are preferred protocols when a user's personal computer is only intermittently powered up, or Internet connectivity is only transient and hosts cannot receive message during off-line periods.

  20. Common Protocols • Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) • Internet-standard protocol for managing devices that support SNMP on IP networks. This include routers, switches, servers, workstations, printers, modem racks, and more. • Used in network management systems to monitor network devices for conditions that warrant administrative attention. • An SNMP-managed network consists of three key components: • Managed device • Agent — software which runs on managed devices • Network management system (NMS) — software which runs on the manager

  21. Understand networking components

  22. Hardware components • workstation eg mobile, fixed, handheld, console; • servers; • switches; • routers; • cabling; • hubs; • repeaters; • bridges; • wireless devices; • mobile eg 3G, 4G, GPRS

  23. Network interface cards • A network card, network adapter, or NIC (network interface card) • is a piece of computer hardware designed to allow computers to physically access a networking medium. It provides a low-level addressing system through the use of MAC addresses. • Each Ethernet network interface has a unique MAC address which is usually stored in a small memory device on the card, allowing any device to connect to the network without creating an address conflict.

  24. Repeaters and hubs • A repeater is an electronic device • receives a signal, cleans it of unnecessary noise, regenerates it, and retransmits it at a higher power level, or to the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances without degradation. • In most twisted pair Ethernet configurations, repeaters are required for cable that runs longer than 100 meters. • A repeater with multiple ports is known as a hub. • Repeaters work on the Physical Layer of the OSI model. • Repeaters require a small amount of time to regenerate the signal. • This can cause a propagation delay which can affect network communication when there are several repeaters in a row. Many network architectures limit the number of repeaters that can be used in a row • Today, repeaters and hubs have been replaced by switches

  25. Bridges • A network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. • Bridges broadcast to all ports except the port on which the broadcast was received. • Bridges come in three basic types: • Local bridges: Directly connect LANs • Remote bridges: Can be used to create a wide area network (WAN) link between LANs. • Remote bridges, where the connecting link is slower than the end networks, largely have been replaced with routers. • Wireless bridges: Can be used to join LANs or connect remote stations to LANs.

  26. switch • The term switch is used loosely in marketing to encompass devices including routers and bridges, as well as devices that may distribute traffic on load or by application content • A network switch is a device that forwards and filters OSI layer 2 datagram's between ports based on the MAC addresses in the packets • (chunks of data communication) -> (connected cables) • A switch is distinct from a hub in that it only forwards the frames to the ports involved in the communication rather than all ports connected. • A switch breaks the collision domain but represents itself as a broadcast domain. • Switches make forwarding decisions of frames on the basis of MAC addresses. • A switch normally has numerous ports, facilitating a star topology for devices, and cascading additional switches • Some switches are capable of routing based on Layer 3 addressing or additional logical levels: multi-layer switches.

  27. Routers • A router is an internetworking device that forwards packets between networks • processing information found in the datagram or packet (IP information from Layer 3 of the OSI Model). • Routers use routing tables to determine what interface to forward packets

  28. Switch

  29. Growing a network

  30. Routers

  31. Routers Switches

  32. Software components • Software: • client software, • Software's required by the users in order to do their own tasks • server software, • Software's required by computer server to be able to run single or verity of services for the users • client operating system, • server operating system

  33. Server – servers selection - workstations Servers

  34. Servers • Firewall, • E-Mail, • Web, • File, • Database, • Combination, • Virtualization, • Terminal services server

  35. Firewalls • A firewall is an important aspect of a network with respect to security. • It typically rejects access requests from unsafe sources while allowing actions from recognized ones. • The fundamental role firewalls play in network security grows in parallel with the constant increase in 'cyber' attacks for the purpose of stealing/corrupting data, planting viruses, etc.

  36. Firewall

  37. Email server • Mail server or e-mail server is a computer in a network that works as your virtual post office. • A mail server usually consists of a storage area where e-mails are stored for local users, • Database of user accounts that the mail server recognizes and will deal with locally, • Communications modules which are the components that actually handle the transfer of messages to and from other mail servers and email clients. • The person who is responsible for the maintenance of the e-mail server (editing users, monitoring system activity) are referred to as the postmaster.

  38. Web server • Web servers are computers that deliver Web pages. • Every Web server has an IP address and possibly a domain name. • Example, if you enter the URL http://www.google.com/in a browser, this sends a request to the Web server whose domain name is google.com. The server then fetches the page “pageName.html” and sends it to your browser. • Any computer can be turned into a Web server by installing server software and connecting the machine to the Internet. • There are many Web server software applications, including public domain software from NCSA and Apache, and commercial packages from Microsoft, Netscape and others.

  39. File server • In the client/server model, a file server is a computer responsible for the central storage and management of data files so that other computers on the same network can access the files. • A file server allows users to share information over a network without having to physically transfer files by floppy diskette or some other external storage device. • Any computer can be configured to be a host and act as a file server. • In its simplest form, a file server may be an ordinary PC that handles requests for files and sends them over the network. • In a more sophisticated network, a file server might be a dedicated network-attached storage (NAS) device that also serves as a remote hard disk drive for other computers, allowing anyone on the network to store files on it as if to their own hard drive. • A program or mechanism that enables the required processes for file sharing can also be called a file server. On the Internet, such programs often use the File Transfer Protocol (FTP).

  40. Database server -1 • Database server is the term used to refer to the back-end system of a database application using client/server architecture. • The back-end, also called a database server, performs tasks such as • data analysis, • storage, • data manipulation, • archiving, • and other non-user specific tasks.

  41. Database server -2 • A database server is a computer program that provides database services to other computer programs or computers. • Database management systems (DBMs) frequently provide database server functionality, and some DBMSs (e.g., MySQL) rely exclusively on the client–server model for database access.

  42. Database server

  43. Virtualization • Virtual server is a highly scalable and highly available server built on a cluster of real servers • The architecture of server cluster is fully transparent to end users, and the users interact with the cluster system as if it were only a single high-performance virtual server

  44. Virtualization • A server, usually a Web server, that shares computer resources with other virtual servers. • In this context, the virtual part simply means that it is not a dedicated server-- that is, the entire computer is not dedicated to running the server software. • Virtual Web servers are a very popular way of providing low-cost web hosting services. • Instead of requiring a separate computer for each server, dozens of virtual servers can co-reside on the same computer. • In most cases, performance is not affected and each web site behaves as if it is being served by a dedicated server. • However, if too many virtual servers reside on the same computer, or if one virtual server starts hogging resources, Web pages will be delivered more slowly.

  45. Virtualization

  46. Server selection • Cost, • Purpose, • Operating system required

  47. Workstation • Is any computer connected to a local-area network (LAN). • It could be a workstation or a personal computer • Most workstations have a mass storage device (disk drive), but a special type of workstation called a diskless workstation that comes without a disk drive. • The most common operating systems for workstations are UNIX and Windows NT. • Workstation needs: • Hardware • Permissions / Policies • system bus • local-system architecture • memory, • processor, • I/O devices

  48. Workstation • system bus • A system bus is a single computer bus that connects the major components of a computer system. • The technique was developed to reduce costs and improve modularity. • It combines the functions of a data bus to carry information, an address bus to determine where it should be sent, and a control bus to determine its operation. • Although popular in the 1970s and 1980s, modern computers use a variety of separate buses adapted to more specific needs. • local-system architecture • Memory (RAM), • Processor , • I/O devices

  49. Workstation - system bus

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