Manifest Destiny

1. Manifest Destiny The belief that America should spread from coast to coast!

2. “Manifest Destiny” Belief that the US should expand its territory from coast to coast

3. Who is the woman in white? What two objects is she holding? What are the pioneers doing? What types of transportation can be seen? What are the Native Americans and animals doing? What direction are they traveling? What is your opinion of manifest destiny as it is depicted in this painting? Jumpstart: American Progress by George A. Crofutt and John Gast

5. Thinking Question (don’t write this down!! Just think!) Why weren’t Americans happy with the size of their country at this point in their history?

6. Reasons for Manifest Destiny: Economic • Belief that people could become more wealthy (Gold Rush, plantation system, natural resources) • Land speculators bought huge tracts of land and sold it for a profit

7. Reasons for Manifest Destiny: Social • Racism- lack of concern for Natives, desire to expand slavery • Escape from religious persecution (Mormons) • Famine and economic struggles in Europe • Irish potato famine (1845-1850) • Belief that all people should own plot of land to keep the country free (“American Dream”)

8. Reasons for Manifest Destiny: Political • Fear of foreign powers invading • Spanish, French, English, and Mexican • Desire to spread Democracy and the “American” way of life • Desire to spread the institution of slavery west • Slave states = Southern support in Congress

9. A US Territorial Expansion A - 13 Original Colonies When? • 1776 From Where? • Great Britain Why? • Colonies declared independence from Great Britain

10. US Territorial Expansion B - Western Lands When? • 1783 From Where? • Great Britain Why? A B • Result of Treaty of Paris 1783 (ended Revolutionary War)

11. US Territorial Expansion When? • 1803 C - LouisianaPurchase From Where? • France Why? • Napoleon needed money • Jefferson wanted New Orleans • He got all of this instead for 15 mil ! A C B

12. US Territorial Expansion When? D - Florida • 1819 From Where? • Spain Why? A • Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) • Spain sold it to U.S. for $5 million C B D

13. E, S, or P? • Each one of the following speakers represents someone living during the mid 1800’s. Read each speakers quote, and decide their motivation for moving West. Are they relocating for ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, or POLTICAL reasons?

14. “I am a farmer in Missouri. The land is wearing out from years of growing crops, and I need new farmland in order to provide for my family.”E, S or P?

15. “I am a Texan living in the Republic of Texas. I am worried about our republic’s economy and safety. We need to become part of the United States.”E, S or P?

16. “I am a congressman from the North. I want to expand the great democracy of America all the way across the continent.”E, S or P?

17. “I am a missionary. I want to share my religion with the Native Americans in the West.”E, S or P?

18. “I am a Mormon facing persecution for my religious beliefs. I need to find a place to live where I can practice my religion freely.”E, S or P?

19. “I am a fur trader living west of the Mississippi River. I need a better way to transport my furs to trading posts.”E, S or P?

20. “Mr. Manifest Destiny” • President James K. Polk • Elected President in 1844 • 11th President • We have skipped a few…  • Added more territory to the US (by any means) than any other President

21. Texas Independence • March 2, 1836: Texas declared Independence • Elected Sam Houston as President • Houston’s troops attacked Santa Anna at San Jacinto • Under force, Santa Anna signs Treaty of Velasco • Mexican government rejected the treaty and never recognized Texas Independence

22. U.S. Annexation of Texas • Texas immediately asks for annexation by U.S. • Annexation: to incorporate a territory into another • North opposes because they fear spread of slavery • Texas remains an independent nation until annexed on Dec. 29th, 1845 • Mexico sees annexation as a declaration of war

23. Factors Leading to Mexican-American War • Mexican anger over annexation of Texas (1845) • Dispute over Texas/Mexican border • Nueces River or Rio Grande • Instability of Mexican government • 19 governments in 25 years • Polk’s drive to expand the U.S. • Believed he must create a coast-to-coast nation • Southerners hoped to expand slavery into Texas

24. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • Terms: • Recognized Texas as part of the U.S. • Gave up the Mexican Cession (1848) • Annexed half of Mexico to the U.S. • U.S. Paid $15 million to Mexico for territory. • Created Rio Grande as border • In 1853 Gadsden Purchase solidifies southern boundary • Wanted to extend Trans-Continental Railroad • Mexico sells it to us for $10 million • “from sea to shining sea”

25. Oregon: 54° 40’ or Fight! • In his campaign, Polk talked about taking all of Oregon • 54° 40’ or Fight! Was one of his slogans • Rather than fight, he settled for half • U.S. and Britain decide to divide Oregon in 1846 • Extended the boundary already dividing the U.S. and Canada • Boundary remains today

26. California Gold Rush and the 49-ers! • James Marshall was building a sawmill when he spotted gold • People from all over the world raced to California in 1849 • Nick-named the Forty-Niners • Thousands of men hoped to get rich quick then go home • Majority did not • By 1852, all of the gold was gone but California now had a population of over 250,000 • Could now become the first state in the West

27. US Territorial Expansion When? E - Texas • 1845 From Where? • Republic of Texas Why? A • Texas independent from Mexico in 1836 • Northerners feared it would become a slave state • Annexed in 1845 despite Northern fears C B E D

28. US Territorial Expansion When? • 1846 F - Oregon Territory From Where? • Great Britain Why? F • Disputed between U.S. and Britain • Americans demanded “54° 40’ or fight!” • Britain compromised and U.S. accepted C A B E D

29. US Territorial Expansion When? • 1848 G - Mexican Cession From Where? • Mexico Why? F • Polk offers to buy from Mexico & they refuse • War! • US wins • In Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, U.S. buys for $15 million C A B G E D

30. US Territorial Expansion When? • 1853 H- Gadsden Purchase From Where? • Mexico Why? F • Wanted it to build a railroad • Sold it to U.S. for $10 million • Solidifies our southern border C A B G H E D

31. Postcard Perspectives- PAP • Create a postcard from two perspectives: Mexican Citizen, Texas Citizen • You are writing after the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • Your postcard must include: • Your opinion of the Mexican-American AND Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • 3 main terms of the Treaty • Picture symbolizing your viewpoint (MUST be in color)

32. Jigsaw: Trails West • You will be researching 3 of the main trails used by settlers during Manifest Destiny • You will find your information: • Creating America pgs. 379-381 • Each person in your “home group” (based on group number) will be researching a different trail: • Pink: Santa Fe • Green: Oregon • Orange: Mormon • You will move from your “home group” to an “expert group” where all three of you will be researching the same trail (based on color) • Once your expert group has read and found the required information, each of you will return to your “home group” and teach the other 2-3 people about your trail