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Atmospheric Chemistry Division National Center for Atmospheric Research

Atmospheric Chemistry Division National Center for Atmospheric Research. NCAR/ACD Biosphere-Atmosphere Trace Gas Exchange Alex Guenther Scientist III Biosphere-Atmosphere Interactions Group 24-26 October 2001, NSF Review.

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Atmospheric Chemistry Division National Center for Atmospheric Research

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  1. Atmospheric Chemistry DivisionNational Center for Atmospheric Research NCAR/ACD Biosphere-Atmosphere Trace Gas Exchange Alex Guenther Scientist III Biosphere-Atmosphere Interactions Group 24-26 October 2001, NSF Review Biosphere-Atmosphere Trace Gas Exchange

  2. Biosphere-atmosphere trace gas exchange,earth system coupling and human forcing Air pollutants Chemical Radiative Environment balance Physical O3 , NOx , CH4 Environment RONO2 , OH, N2O, CO, CO2 Trace gas deposition Human Temper., light Trace gas Emission Activities Biosphere Landcover change - Biosphere-Atmosphere Trace Gas Exchange

  3. Trace Gas Flux Studies Satellite derived estimates of global distributions • Regional/global modeling • Model evaluation Years Tower-based flux meas. systems • Process studies Analysis using ambient concentrations, isotopes and oxidation products Days Enclosure flux meas. systems TIME SCALE Aircraft and blimp-based flux measurement systems Hours Seconds Leaf Canopy Landscape Regional/global SPATIAL SCALE Biosphere-Atmosphere Trace Gas Exchange

  4. Research Activities and Products Instrument Development Tools for Universities and Others Flux Measurement Systems Measurement Database Flux Measurements Emission Inventories (IGAC-GEIA) Emission Models (BEIS/GLOBEIS) Database and Algorithm Development and Evaluation Coupled Models (CCSM, WRF) Biosphere-Atmosphere Trace Gas Exchange

  5. Flux System Development and Technology Transfer Enclosure Systems • Automated multi-enclosure system with online GC and fast response VOC analysis • Inexpensive leaf cuvette measurement systems Eddy Flux Systems • Relaxed eddy accumulation • Disjunct eddy accumulation and eddy covariance Tethered Balloon Sampling Systems • VOC samplers, integrated ozone, CO2, T, RH University Users & Technology Transfer Recipients: Georgia Tech., U. Colorado, Wash. State U., South Dakota Tech., U. C. Irvine, U. C. Berkeley, Philadelphia University, U. Wisconsin, U. Wyoming, ETH-Zurich, Edinburgh U., Lancaster U., U. Witwatersrand, U. Sao Paulo, U. Aviero Biosphere-Atmosphere Trace Gas Exchange

  6. 1996-2001 NCAR/ACD Tropical BVOC Studies SAFARI EXPRESSO La Selva (Costa Rica) (S. Africa) (C. Africa) LBA (Amazon) Xishuangbanna(China) Biosphere-Atmosphere Trace Gas Exchange

  7. Tropical BVOC Investigators NCAR/ACD staff:Bill Baugh, Guy Brasseur, Jim Greenberg, Alex Guenther, Peter Harley, Lee Klinger, Sasha Madronich NCAR/ACD students and post-docs:Brad Baker, Sue Durlak, Bai Jianhui, Pierre Prevost, Janne Rinne, Dominique Serca, Perola Vasconcellos, Lee Vierling University Collaborators:Paulo Artaxo, Clobite Bouka-Biona, Deborah Clark, Nick Hewitt, Toni James, Jules Loemba, Hank Loescher, Yadvinder Mahli, Williams Martins, Luanne Otter, Sue Owen, Emiliano Pegoraro, Elmar Veenendaal, Oscar Vega Other Collaborators:Chris Geron, Juergen Kesselmeier, Luciana Vanni Gatti, Qing Jun Biosphere-Atmosphere Trace Gas Exchange

  8. Why Investigate Tropical Biogenic VOC? Isoprene from other regions (21%) • Large fraction of global biogenic VOC emissions • Strong vertical transport • Rapid land use change Isoprene from tropics (79%) Biosphere-Atmosphere Trace Gas Exchange

  9. NCAR/ACD Enclosure Measurements Tropical rainforests Costa Rica: 50% (weighted average) W. Amazon: 40% E. Amazon : 25% Congo: 20% (weighted average) South China: 15% (weighted average) Tropical savannas African savannas (3 types): 5-15% (weighted) African savannas (4 types): 25-50% (weighted) Australian savannas (2 types): 55-70% (weighted average) What fraction of woody plants emit isoprene? Biosphere-Atmosphere Trace Gas Exchange

  10. Isoprene Emission Response Do tropical and temperate plants respond similarly? Temperature growth envir. Light growth environment Biosphere-Atmosphere Trace Gas Exchange

  11. NCAR/ACD Eddy Flux Measurements Diurnal Variations Mean Midday Net Flux Tropical Isoprene Flux Summary Costa Rica: 1.5-3 mg C m-2 h-1 E. Amazon: 1-3 mg C m-2 h-1 Congo: 1-2.5 mg C m-2 h-1 Botswana: <0.5 mg C m-2 h-1 S. Africa: <0.5 mg C m-2 h-1 Tapajos, Brazil Maun, Botswana Biosphere-Atmosphere Trace Gas Exchange

  12. NCAR/ACD Concentration Measurements Average midday mixed-layer isoprene from aircraft and blimp sampling W. Amazon: 15-34 ppbC (forest) 8 ppbC (pasture/forest) E. Amazon: 2 ppbC (pasture/forest) Congo: 5 ppbC (forest) Central Africa: 2 ppbC (degraded forest) Oxy-VOC over tropical landscapes Hexanal, hexenol, hexenal: 0.1- 1.5 ppbC Acetone, methanol, toluene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde: 1 – 10 ppbC Characterizing the combined influence of regional emissions, transport and chemistry Biosphere-Atmosphere Trace Gas Exchange

  13. Modeling BVOC Emission Distributions at 1 km2 spatial resolution Foliage density % broadleaf tree foliage % shrub foliage Floristic regions Biosphere-Atmosphere Trace Gas Exchange

  14. Characterizing Tropical Floristic Regions(regions with genetically related vegetation) 1. NCAR/ACD/BAI studies (14) 2. Other tropical studies (4) 3. Studies from similar regions (17) 4. Default values (8) Biosphere-Atmosphere Trace Gas Exchange

  15. NCAR/ACD Tropical BVOC Publications • EXPRESSO special section of J. Geophysical Research 104 (1999) • NCAR/ACD authorship on tropical BVOC papers • 7 published (5 EXPRESSO, 2 LBA) • 6 submitted (2 EXPRESSO, 1 LBA, 1 China, 1 Costa Rica, 1 SAFARI/KALAHARI) • 10 in preparation (5 LBA, 4 SAFARI, 1 China) • The authorship of these publications includes more than 35 university and other collaborators Biosphere-Atmosphere Trace Gas Exchange

  16. Future Directions for Biosphere-Atmosphere Trace Gas Exchange Investigations ACD MIRAGE Initiative Landcover change: plantations, crop, urban Secondary org. aerosols Community Climate System Model (CCSM) ACD Reactive Carbon Init. Reactive C and N interact. Terpenoid, oxyVOC, org. N, O3, NH3, NOy exchange ACD Bio-Chem- Climate Init. Weather Research and Forecast Model (WRF) Aircraft flux measurements NCAR Biogeosci. Initiative Trace gases (C, N, O3) and the carbon cycle NCAR Wildfire Initiative Climate variability, stress (flood, fire, frost) Biosphere-Atmosphere Trace Gas Exchange

  17. Atmospheric Chemistry DivisionNational Center for Atmospheric Research ACD Participation in NCAR Initiatives 1) Biogeosciences Initiative 2) Wildfire Initiative Elisabeth A. Holland Scientist 3, Global Modeling Group, affiliated with Biosphere, Atmosphere Interactions Group, ACD, and Land Section in CGD 23-24 October 2001, NSF Review NCAR Initiatives

  18. Human forcing and chemistry coupling O3 , NOx , CH4 RONO2 , OH, • CO2 ,N2O,NOy Air pollutants Chemical Radiative Environment balance Physical Environment Human Trace gas temp, light Biogenic VOC Emission deposition Activities Biosphere Landcover change - NCAR Initiatives

  19. Climate Temperature, Precipitation, Radiation, Humidity, Wind Chemistry CO2, CH4, N2O O3, VOCs, NOx, aerosols Heat Moisture Momentum Minutes-To-Hours Biogeophysics Biogeochemistry Carbon Assimilation Aero- dynamics Water Decomposition Energy Mineralization Microclimate Canopy Physiology Hydrology Phenology Days-To-Weeks Bud Break Intercepted Water Soil Water Snow Leaf Senescence Species Composition Ecosystem Structure Nutrient Availability Water Evaporation Transpiration Snow Melt Infiltration Runoff Gross Primary Production Plant Respiration Microbial Respiration Nutrient Availability Watersheds Surface Water Subsurface Water Geomorphology Ecosystems Species Composition Ecosystem Structure Years-To-Centuries Disturbance Fires Hurricanes Ice Storms Windthrows Vegetation Dynamics Hydrologic Cycle NCAR Initiatives

  20. Fit with NSF Geosciences Plan NSF Geosciences Beyond 2000: Understanding and Predicting Earth’s Environment and Habitability, section on Planetary Metabolism: “Understanding how the fluxes of mass and energy among various components of the solid and fluid Earth link to biological activity on and beneath its surface represents a fundamental goal of current research. This understanding of planetary metabolism bears directly on key scientific questions concerning the co-evolution of different components of the Earth system including life, as well as on the most pressing environmental questions of our time. Present understanding of these issues is very incomplete; the attack on the problem will require extensive interdisciplinary collaboration and will rely upon the achievements of all. This attack will employ a hierarchy of models; it will include interdisciplinary problem analysis and the synthesis, interpretation, and application of global-scale data sets, including those obtained by continuous monitoring from space and from new land and ocean-based observing systems. “ This plan fits with two of the ” five primary challenges facing researchers in the study of planetary metabolism: 1.determining how the biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur are coupled; 5.developing sufficiently sophisticated models to explain historic events and predict future changes in planetary metabolism.” http://www.geo.nsf.gov/adgeo/geo2000 NCAR Initiatives

  21. WHY NOW? • Decade of land model development led by Gordon Bonan has produced the state of the art model for surface energy, water and carbon dioxide exchange and a framework which facilitated the implementation of surface chemical exchanges. • Component models of reactive C and N exchanges have been developed by Alex Guenther and me and are ready for implementation in the land model. This effort was conducted in parallel with Gordon’s effort. • The growing number of measurements of surface fluxes and concentrations of reactive carbon and nitrogen are now available for model evaluation. • Fast track development of this model coupling will give us a tool to articulate and refine key global science questions for the next 5-10 years. NCAR Initiatives

  22. Wet and Dry Deposition Fluxes for the U.S. dry deposition flux of particulate NH4+ dry deposition flux of gaseous HNO3 wet deposition flux of NH4+ wet deposition flux of NO3- dry deposition flux of particulate NO3- NCAR Initiatives

  23. Wet and Dry Deposition Fluxes for Europe wet deposition of NH4+ wet deposition flux of NO3- dry deposition of particulate NH4+ 8.1 17.1 1.9 4.1 8.6 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 dry deposition of gaseous HNO3 dry deposition of particulate NO3- dry deposition of gaseous NO2 11.2 11.1 3.1 1.6 5.6 5.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 NCAR Initiatives

  24. Model Comparisons NCAR Initiatives

  25. Societal Relevance • The coupling of biosphere feedbacks to the chemical and climate system was identified as a key gap in our understanding of current and future changes in atmospheric composition in the IPCC 2001 report. • The coupling directly and indirectly impacts concentrations of key greenhouse gases specified in the Kyoto protocol: CO2 , CH4, N2O, and O3, • This will provide us with the tools for evaluating future climate, atmospheric composition, and air quality needed for integrated assessments. NCAR Initiatives

  26. Partners • ACD: • Alex Guenther, Bill Baugh, Doug Kinnison, J.F. Lamarque, Danny McKenna, Robbie Staufer, Xuexi Ti, Stacy Walters, Christine Wiedinmyer • CGD: • Gordon Bonan, Sam Levis, Phil Rasch, Peter Thornton • University Collaborations: • Inez Fung, UC-Berkeley • Bill Parton, Colorado State University NCAR Initiatives

  27. Science Questions • How do the bio-atmospheric cycles of carbon and nitrogen interact to influence the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere and climate? • now? • over the course of recent decades? • pre-industrially • and in the future? • How is this coupling influenced by key processes? • urbanization? • wildfires? • land cover change? • human activity? NCAR Initiatives

  28. Biogeosciences Initiative: Measurements • Goals of Measurement Component: • Sensor development • Deployment on airborne, surface network, balloon platforms • Instrument Development Goals: • Continue improvements to airborne CO and CO2 trace gas measurements, initially funded by the NCAR Directors’ Opportunity Fund, and internal ACD and ATD funds. • Conversion of an existing O2/N2 shipboard instrument for airborne operations. • Development of an improved chemical/meteorological tethersonde, applying the same technology to improved chemical sensors for ATD’s surface flux system. These advances may lead eventually to new capabilities for dropsondes and surface towers. Collaborative effort involving ACD, ATD, MMM, and RAP NCAR Initiatives

  29. ACD Wildfire Research • Research Questions • Are there relationships between the processes controlling oxygenated VOC emissions from ambient temperatures and wildfire heat stressed vegetation ? • Do VOC emissions have a significant role in wildfire combustion physics ? • Are the landcover databases developed for biogenic emission modeling useful for wildfire modeling? NCAR Initiatives

  30. Atmospheric Chemistry DivisionNational Center for Atmospheric Research MOZART and future global tropospheric modeling in ACD Danny McKenna Division Director 24-26 October 2001, NSF Review MOZART and global tropospheric modeling

  31. MOZART:Model for OZone And Related chemical Tracers • MOZART was developed by ACD as a contribution to NSF’s Global Tropospheric Chemistry Program (GTCP). • MOZART was to develop a community tool capable of: • Understanding the influence of photochemical and transport processes on the global distribution of chemical compounds in the atmosphere. • Quantifying the global and regional budgets of these compounds • Assisting in the interpretation of field measurements and in the assimilation of space observations • Predicting the evolution of the atmospheric composition in response to natural and human-induced perturbations MOZART and global tropospheric modeling

  32. MOZART Development and UserCommunity • ACD • Danny McKenna • Louisa Emmons • Doug Kinnison • J.F. Lamarque • Xuexi Tie • Stacy Walters • CGD • Phil Rasch • Other Institutions • Guy Brasseur (MPI, Hamburg) • Denise Mauzerall (Princeton) • Mike Newchurch (University of Alabama) • Don Wuebbles (Univ. of Illinois) • Derek Cunnold (Georgia Tech) • Larry Horowitz (NOAA GFDL) • Claire Granier (NOAA, SACNRS) • Didier Hauglustaine (SACNRS, Paris) • J.-F. Muller (Belgian Inst. Space Aeronomy) • Martin Schultz (MPI Hamburg) Web Page… http://acd.ucar.edu/models/MOZART/ MOZART and global tropospheric modeling

  33. MOZART is a Community Model- Three Versions - • MOZART-1: is a Global Tropospheric Chemical-Transport Model • Brasseur et al., 103, No. D21, J. Geophys. Res., 28265-28289, 1998. • MOZART-2: is a revised version of MOZART-1 • Improvements in the surface emissions, chemical mechanism, and advection. • Description paper (Horowitz et al., JGR, in preparation, 2001). • Release by January 1, 2002. • MOZART-3: extension of MOZART-2. Stratospheric and Mesospheric chemical and physical processes. • EOS/Aura pre-launch algorithm development. • EOS/Aura HIRDLS data assimilation. • The MOZART-3 framework “test bed” for WACCM chemistry development • Estimated release Spring/Summer 2002. MOZART and global tropospheric modeling

  34. MOZART Structure Data Assimilation e.g., MOPITT CO, CH4 HIRDLS Species Analyzed Met. Fields e.g., DAO, ECMWF, NCEP MOZART Versions 1,2,3 MATCH Transport + Physics Preprocessor Incorporates: 1) Machine Architecture 2) Chem. Mech./Solution Approach 3) Emissions 4) Wet/Dry Deposition 5) Advection, Diff., Convection 6) Input/output Climate Model Met. Fields e.g., MACCM3 MOZART and global tropospheric modeling

  35. MOZART-2 Description • Resolution (typical) – 278,528 Grid Cells: • Surface to approximately 40 km altitude – 1-2 km resolution • Horizontal Resolution: 2.8° X 2.8 ° • Dynamical Processes: • Met. Fields: Driven by MACCM3 or Analyzed Fields (e.g., NCEP)- winds and temperatures • Advection: Flux-form semi-Lagrangian advection scheme of Lin and Rood [1996] • Convection: Rediagnosed from MATCH using Hack [1994] for mid-level convections and Zhang and MacFarlane [1995] scheme for deep convection • Boundary layer exchange: Parameterization of Holstag and Boville [1993] • Wet and Dry Deposition: • Wet deposition: • - Represented as a first-order loss process within the chemistry operator, using large scale and convective precipitation rates diagnosted by MATCH. • - Highly soluble species are removed by in-cloud scavenging and below cloud washout (Brasseur et al., 1998) • - Mildly soluble species removed by in-cloud scavenging (Giorgi and Chamedes, 1985) • Dry surface deposition: uses the approach of Wesely [1989] MOZART and global tropospheric modeling

  36. MOZART-2 Description Continued • Chemical Constituents and Mechanism: • Approximate 65Chemical Species: • Contained in Ox, NOx, HOx; plus CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C2H4, C3H6, C4H10, isoprene, terpenes • 133 gas-phase, 2 heterogeneous, and 33 photolytic reactions • Source Gas Emissions: • Surface Emission: CO, NOx, CH4, CH3OH, C2H6, C3H8, C2H4, C3H6, C4H10, C5H8, C10H16, CH3COCH3 • NOx Lightning Emission: 5 Tg N yr-1 [Pickering et al, 1998] • Aircraft Emissions:CO, CH4, NOx (0.44 Tg N yr-1) [NASA, 1995] • Stratospheric Constituents Constrained for: • NOx, HNO3, N2O5, CH4, CO, and N2O (middle atmosphere model STARS, Brasseur et al., 1997), • O3 below 100 hPa (Logan, 1999) to the thermal tropopause; above 100 hPa (HALOE data, Randel et al., 1999), • 10-day relaxation time constant is used for all species. • Computational Costs (using the current Blackforest configuration) • 1 model year  1.0 wall clock day (5 models years per wall clock day soon!) MOZART and global tropospheric modeling

  37. Examples of Problems Addressed with MOZART • Long-range transport of emissions from Asia and other industrial regions. • Tagged CO source regions. • Mauzerall et al., , J. Geophys. Res., 105, 17,895- 17,910, 2000. • Role of lightning and biomass burning on ozone. • - Hauglustaine et al., Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 3305-3308, 1999. • - Hauglustaine et al., J. Atmos. Chem., 38, 277- 294, 2001. • - Tie et al., J. Geophys. Res., 106 (D3), 3167, 2001. • Impact of tropospheric O3 on agricultural yields in China • - Mauzerall et al., 2002. • Comparison of simulations of key tropospheric constituents with observations: • -Ozonesonde data, ground-based CO, Aircraft NOx etc… • Analysis of field observations and other measurement programs: • TOPSE O3, • Analysis and assimilation of space observations: • MOPITT (CO)and GOME (NO2) • Impact of aerosols on concentration of gas-phase compounds • IPCC Intercomparison • Sensitivity study with TOPSE NOx data MOZART and global tropospheric modeling

  38. MOZART-2 AccomplishmentsComparison of O3 with Ozonesondes (Logan, 1999) Horowitz et al., JGR, in prep., 2001. Altitude, hPa Ozone (PPBV) MOZART and global tropospheric modeling

  39. MOZART-2 AccomplishmentsComparison to surface CO CMDL Data Horowitz et al., JGR, in prep., 2001. CO (PPBV) Month MOZART and global tropospheric modeling

  40. MOZART-2 AccomplishmentsComparison to Aircraft NOx Observations Horowitz et al., JGR, in prep., 2001. Altitude, km NOx (pptv) MOZART and global tropospheric modeling

  41. MOZART-2 AccomplishmentsTOPSE Campaign, Ozone Change Emmons et al., JGR, in prep., 2001. MOZART and global tropospheric modeling

  42. MOZART-1 AccomplishmentsBlack Carbon Intercomparison, IPCC 2001 • Several types of aerosols are currently calculated in MOZART, including • Sulfate aerosols • Sulfur surface emissions • Gas-phase sulfuric acid Aqueous phase chemistry • Wet and dry depositions • Transport • Blackcarbon aerosols • Surface emission • Hydrophobic and hydrophilic conversion • Wet and dry depositions • Transport • Ammonium Nitrate • Chemical transformation • Transport Model (ng C m-3) Observations (ng C m-3) IPCC Climate Change 2001, Chapter 5, Figure 5.10. MOZART and global tropospheric modeling

  43. MOZART-2 AccomplishmentsCO tagging MOZART and global tropospheric modeling

  44. Earth System Transport Model • Continued support for MOZART • Progressive migration to a new Earth System Transport Model (ESTM), • - MOZART Chemistry / Solver • - MATCH transport & physics • - CSM Land/ocean models coupled to emission modules • CCM-Chemistry as above, but… • - CSM dynamics & transport Common Framework for Offline CTM and on-line GCM MOZART and global tropospheric modeling

  45. On-Line Chemistry Mode CCSM Land Use Model Emission Model MOZART Chemistry Atmospheric Model (CCM3) Ocean Model Deposition Model MOZART and global tropospheric modeling

  46. Chemistry Transport Mode with Interactive Land CCSM-Framework Land Use Model Emission Model MOZART Chemistry MATCH Transport Deposition Model Analyzed Met. Fields, Ocean Data e.g., DAO, ECMWF, NCEP MOZART and global tropospheric modeling

  47. Potential Chemistry / Climate Studies • O3 Budget of the Troposphere • - Trends in relative contributions from stratosphere and human induced change. • - Temporal changes in the stratosphere flux of O3 • - What influences ozone more: climate change or emission change? • Influence of oxidants on aerosol formation • - Changes in the availability of SO2, O3, H2O2, HNO3, & NH3 • - Feedback to cloud scale and large scale dynamics • Influence of Climate on Greenhouse and other gas emissions. • - Land use and climate change influence CH4 and N2O production. • - Feedback onto primary production and emission. • Influence of O3 loss on composition, climate, and transport • - Can O3 loss stabilize the Arctic Vortex? • - Can trends in CH4 and N2O be simulated? • - Can O3 loss influence tropospheric temperature trends? MOZART and global tropospheric modeling

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