DO NOW/ N ā Mahi :

1. ORAL TRADITIONS.Learning objective/ Kaupapa for all lessons this week:To deliberately choose language, content and structure to suit audience and purpose in an oral text. VALUES… Diversity and RespectCOMPETENCIES… Participating and contributing

2. ON STICKY NOTES DO NOW/ NāMahi: What are the possible purposes and audiences of these oral storytelling traditions. • Maori Pūrākau • European Fable • Samoan Myth • Biblical Parable • Celtic Legend • Hindu Kahaani

3. OUTCOME You are going to select a text from last lesson and then retell the traditional story for the purpose of your chosen narrative and for a specific audience of your choice, making deliberate choices about the language, content and structure that you use.

4. Select the cards that fit…. • What language choices are suitable for telling an important cultural story? • What content choices are appropriate for telling an important cultural story? • What structural choices are appropriate for telling an important cultural story?

5. What language, content and structure choices are suitable for telling an important cultural story for the purpose of your story and the audience that you have selected?

6. Key information Pūrākau – carefully constructed and prized. Not always told in exactly the same way but key ideas are the same. Different iwi have their own Pūrākautold from their perspective

7. Key words • Purpose – reason for the text. • Audience – people the text is aimed at. • Perspective – way of looking at something. • Tinorangatiratanga/self-determination • Pūrākau • Fable • Legend • Parable

8. Aesops fables: The Bundle of Sticks An old man on the point of death summoned his sons around him to give them some parting advice. He ordered his servants to bring in a bundle of sticks, and said to his eldest son: "Break it." The son strained and strained, but with all his efforts was unable to break the Bundle. The other sons also tried, but none of them was successful. "Untie the bundle," said the father, "and each of you take a stick." When they had done so, he called out to them: "Now, break," and each stick was easily broken. "You see my meaning," said their father. Union gives strength.

9. Parables: The Good Samaritan A man was going down from Jerusalem to Jericho, when he fell into the hands of robbers. They stripped him of his clothes, beat him and went away, leaving him half-dead. A priest happened to be going down the same road, and when he saw the man, he passed by on the other side. So too, a Levite, when he came to the place and saw him, passed by on the other side. But a Samaritan an enemy of the man , as he travelled, came where the man was; and when he saw him, he took pity on him. He went to him and bandaged his wounds, pouring on oil and wine. Then he put the man on his own donkey, brought him to an inn and took care of him. The next day he took out two silver coins and gave them to the innkeeper. ‘Look after him,’ he said, ‘and when I return, I will reimburse you for any extra expense you may have.’

10. Samoan Myth: The turtle and the shark During a time of famine a grandmother and granddaughter were rejected by their families as too much of a burden, and so they threw themselves into the ocean to cast their fates upon the whimsy of the life giving sea. Transformed through magic into a turtle and shark the grandmother and granddaughter sought out a new home. Long did they travel and many times were they turned away until they arrived on the shores of Vaitogi. Defined by high cliffs and a rough coastline, the inhospitable shores were inhabited by a compassionate and generous people, and the old woman and her granddaughter, transformed back into their human form, were welcomed, fed and offered that they should make this village their new home. Moved by the unexpected generosity the old woman agreed, but she still heard the call of the sea as well. Unable to stay on land, she informed her hosts that she and her granddaughter must return to the sea, but that they would make the village waters their permanent home. She gave the villagers a song to sing from the rocks and a promise that when they sang the song she and her granddaughter would come. To this day, the people of Vaitogi still sing the song and many villagers will tell you that they have personally seen the Turtle & Shark. To each of them the legend is as alive today as it has been for time immemorial.

11. Celtic Legend: The Giant’s Causeway It is called the Giant's Causeway because of a legend about the quarrel between two giant's called Finn Mac Cool and Benandonner. Benandonneris said to have built a causeway from Scotland to fight with Finn Mac Cool, Finn Mac Cool pretended to be a baby in cot and his mother told Benandonner that the baby was Finn Mac Cool's brother Finn Gal. When Benandonner saw how strong the baby was, he thought that Finn Mac Cool would be stronger than him and he ran back across the sea to Scotland, tearing up the causeway as he went. He left in such a hurry that he his boot came off and it is still here today, turned to rock. The remains of the causeway can be seen in Staffa in Scotland and the northern coast of Northern Ireland.

12. Maori Pūrākau: TeAroha People who belong to Mataatua, that is people who are descended from this waka, canoe, and that includes Ngaiterangi of Tauranga Moana, have one story about this mountain TeAroha. It is said that there was once an old chief called Rahiri, who belonged to the Whakatane area. He went away up north for some reason and lived there for many years. He was growing old, and decided, as old people sometimes do, that he wanted to go back to his home place and die on his own land in the Whakatane district. He travelled south into the Hauraki Plains area, and up the Waihou River. Here he decided to climb the highest peak rising above the river and plains and look about him. He looked all around, north from where he had come, west across Waikato and Hauraki to the ocean, south towards the inland mountains of Taupo. He looked out over the land of Tauranga Moana, out into the Bay of Plenty. He looked along the line of beach stretching from Maunganui to Maketu, then further on toward Whakatane. The old man was overcome with homesickness, and a great longing to return. He exclaimed "Arohaki tai! Arohakiuta! Love to the sea! Love to the shore!" And that is why Mataatua people say that mountain is called TeAroha. 

13. Biblical Creation story The opening chapter of the Bible begins with these words, "In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth."  This summarizes the drama that was about to unfold. We learn from the text that the earth was formless, empty, and dark, and God's Spirit moved over the waters preparing to perform God's creative Word. And then God began to speak into existence his creation. The day by day account follows: Day 1 - God created light and separated the light from the darkness, calling light "day" and darkness "night." Day 2 - God created an expanse to separate the waters and called it "sky." Day 3 - God created the dry ground and gathered the waters, calling the dry ground "land," and the gathered waters "seas." On day three, God also created vegetation (plants and trees). Day 4 - God created the sun, moon, and the stars to give light to the earth and to govern and separate the day and the night. These would also serve as signs to mark seasons, days, and years. Day 5 - God created every living creature of the seas and every winged bird, blessing them to multiply and fill the waters and the sky with life. Day 6 - God created the animals to fill the earth. On day six, God also created man and woman in his own image to commune with him. He blessed them and gave them every creature and the whole earth to rule over, care for, and cultivate. Day 7 - God had finished his work of creation and so he rested on the seventh day, blessing it and making it holy.

14. Hindu Creation story Before this time began, there was no heaven, no earth and no space between. A vast dark ocean washed upon the shores of nothingness and licked the edges of the night.A giant cobra floated on the waters. Asleep within its endless coils lay the Lord Vishnu. He was watched over by the mighty serpent. Everything was so peaceful and silent that Vishnu slept undisturbed by dreams. From the depths a humming sound began to tremble, Ohm. It grew and spread, filling the emptiness and throbbing with energy.The night had ended, Vishnu awoke. As the dawn began to break, from Vishnu's navel grew a magnificent lotus flower. In the middle of the blossom sat Vishnu's servant, Brahma. He awaited the Lord's command.Vishnu spoke to his servant: 'It is time to begin.' Brahma bowed. Vishnu commanded: 'Create the World.' A wind swept up the waters. Vishnu and the serpent vanished.Brahma remained in the lotus flower, floating and tossing on the sea. He lifted up his arms and calmed the wind and the ocean.Then Brahma split the lotus flower into three. He stretched one part into the heavens. He made another part into the earth. With the third part of the flower he created the skies.The earth was bare. Brahma set to work. He created grass, flowers, trees and plants of all kinds. To these he gave feeling. Next he created the animals and the insects to live on the land. He made birds and many fish. To all these creatures, he gave the senses of touch and smell. He gave them power to see, hear and move. The world was soon bristling with life and the air was filled with the sounds of Brahma's creation.The earth was created from the interaction between ether, one of the gross elements, and sound. This universe which is one of many has three parts, the heavenly planets, the lower worlds, and the earthly realm.

15. Maori Creation story At the beginning of time there was just emptiness. There was no light and no darkness. Nothing existed. The Maori called this TeKore (the Nothingness). Into this ‘nothingness’ two gods appeared. They were Ranginui, the god of the sky, and Papatuanuku, the goddess of the earth. When they appeared so did the sky and the earth. They embraced so closely that the earth and the sky were joined together. They also had six children. They were: Tane (god of the forests) , Tangaroa (god of the sea) , Tu (god of war) , Rongo (god of crops) , Haumia (god of wild plants) , Tawhiri (god of weather) Ranginui and Papatuanuku held each other so closely that there was no space between the earth and the sky and their children had no room to move about. They could only crawl about or just lay on their sides. In one moment Papatuanuka raised her arm and the children saw a brief glimpse of sunlight. Once they saw it they wanted more. They began to think of ways of creating more light. Tane wanted to separate his parents to allow the light to come through. All of the children agreed, except for Tawhiri, the god of weather. He was very close to his father, the sky god. Each child struggled to pull the earth and the sky apart but their embrace was too strong. Tu, the god of war, then decided that the only way to pull his parents apart was to cut off Ranginui’s arms. Once this was done then Tane heaved and his parents were split apart. He then propped up his father in the sky with wooden poles. The earth and sky were now separated forever. The grief–stricken Ranginui and Papatuanuku cried tears that fell as rain from the sky and mist from the earth. The world had been created. Tane’s success at creating the sky and the earth led to his brothers and sisters becoming jealous of him. Tawhiri blew down Tane’s forests and forced the fish that had lived in the forests to flee into the oceans. Now Tangaroa, the god of the sea, was angry and from that moment Tane and Tangaroa fought against each other. Tane supplied wood so that people could make canoes and tame the oceans. Tangaroa created storms to sink the canoes and tidal waves to destroy the forests. It was Tu, the god of war, who created the first man. Tu used red ochre to model a man and he breathed life into it. This man was called Tiki. Tiki then made a woman called Hina–One and they had a daughter called Tiaki. Everybody is descended from Tiaki.