Environmental Challenges: Low Carbon Strategies at the University of East Anglia

1. Keith Tovey (杜伟贤) Н.К.ТовиM.A., PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv • Energy Science Director: Low Carbon InnovationCentre • School of Environmental Sciences, UEA Rotary Friendship Exchange Visit - 19th September 2008 Environmental Challenges: Low Carbon Strategies at the University of East Anglia Keith Tovey: Junior Vice-President Rotary Club of Norwich Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal 5th October 2007

2. University of East Anglia • Founded in 1963 with 87 students • 45 years old next month • Currently over 12000 students • 2000+ staff • University Sites • The Plain • Earlham Hall (School of Law) • The Village (Student Accommodation) • School of Nursing

3. School of Environmental Sciences • A World Renowned 5** Research Department • Excellent Teaching Rating • Several Important Research Units with School Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Conservation (CEEC) Centre for Economic and Behavioural Analysis of Risk & Decision (CEBARD) Centre for Environmental Risk (CER) Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment (CSERGE) Climatic Research Unit (CRU) Community Carbon Reduction Project (CRed) East Anglian Business Environment Club (EABEC) Zuckerman Institute for Connective Environmental Research (ZICER) Laboratory for Global Marine & Atmospheric Chemistry (LGMAC) Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research (TYN) WeatherQuest Ltd

4. Teaching wall Library Student residences Original buildings

5. Nelson Court Constable Terrace

6. Constable Terrace - 1993 • Four Storey Student Residence • Divided into “houses” of 10 • units each with en-suite facilities • Heat Recovery of body and cooking • heat ~ 50%. • Insulation standards exceed 2006 • standards • Small 250 W panel heaters in • individual rooms.

7. Low Energy Educational Buildings Medical School Phase 2 ZICER Elizabeth Fry Building Nursing and Midwifery School Medical School

8. The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994 Cost ~6% more but has heating requirement ~25% of average building at time. Building Regulations have been updated: 1994, 2002, 2006, but building outperforms all of these. Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler. 8

9. Principle of Operation of TermoDeck Construction Quadruple Glazing Exhaust air passes through a two channel regenerative heat exchanger which recovers 85+% of ventilation heat requirements. Thick Insulation Air circulates through whole fabric of building Mean Surface Temperature close to Air Temperature

10. Conservation: management improvements – User Satisfaction thermal comfort +28% air quality +36% lighting +25% noise +26% Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption. A Low Energy Building is also a better place to work in 10

11. ZICER Building Low Energy Building of the Year Award 2005 awarded by the Carbon Trust. • Heating Energy consumption as new in 2003 was reduced by further 50% by careful record keeping, management techniques and an adaptive approach to control. • Incorporates 34 kW of Solar Panels on top floor 11

12. The ground floor open plan office The first floor open plan office The first floor cellular offices 12

13. Operation of Main Building Regenerative heat exchanger Mechanically ventilated using hollow core slabs as air supply ducts. Incoming air into the AHU

14. Operation of Main Building Filter Heater Air passes through hollow cores in the ceiling slabs Air enters the internal occupied space

15. Space for future chilling Return air passes through the heat exchanger Operation of Main Building Recovers 87% of Ventilation Heat Requirement. Out of the building Return stale air is extracted

16. Operation of Regenerative Heat Exchangers Fresh Air Fresh Air Stale Air Stale Air B Stale air passes through Exchanger A and heats it up before exhausting to atmosphere Fresh Air is heated by exchanger B before going into building A After ~ 90 seconds the flaps switch over B Stale air passes through Exchanger B and heats it up before exhausting to atmosphere Fresh Air is heated by exchanger A before going into building A

17. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Warm air Warm air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures. Air Temperature is same as building fabric leading to a more pleasant working environment Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room Slabs store heat from appliances and body heat Winter Day

18. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Cool air Cool air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures. In late afternoon heating is turned off. Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room Slabs also radiate heat back into room Winter Night

19. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Cold air Cold air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures. night ventilation/ free cooling Draws out the heat accumulated during the day Cools the slabs to act as a cool store the following day Summer night

20. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Warm air Warm air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures. Slabs pre-cool the air before entering the occupied space concrete absorbs and stores heat less/no need for air-conditioning Summer day

21. Good Management has reduced Energy Requirements 800 350 Space Heating Consumption reduced by 57%

22. Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER as built compared to other heating/cooling strategies Naturally Ventilated 221508GJ Air Conditioned 384967GJ As Built 209441GJ Materials Production Materials Transport On site construction energy Workforce Transport Intrinsic Heating / Cooling energy Functional Energy Refurbishment Energy Demolition Energy 28% 54% 34% 51% 29% 61%

23. Comparison of Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER Comparisons assume identical size, shape and orientation Compared to the Air-conditioned office, ZICER recovers extra energy required in construction in under 1 year. 23

24. ZICER Building Photo shows only part of top Floor • Top floor is an exhibition area – also to promote PV • Windows are semi transparent • Mono-crystalline PV on roof ~ 27 kW in 10 arrays • Poly- crystalline on façade ~ 6/7 kW in 3 arrays 24

25. Arrangement of Cells on Facade Individual cells are connected horizontally If individual cells are connected vertically, only those cells actually in shadow are affected. As shadow covers one column all cells are inactive 25

26. Use of PV generated energy Peak output is 34 kW Sometimes electricity is exported Inverters are only 91% efficient Most use is for computers DC power packs are inefficient typically less than 60% efficient Need an integrated approach 26

27. Performance of PV cells on ZICER Cost of Generated Electricity Grant was ~ £172 000 out of a total of ~ £480 000 27 27

28. 3% Radiation Losses 11% Flue Losses GAS Engine Generator 36% Electricity Conversion efficiency improvements – Building Scale CHP 61% Flue Losses 36%efficient 28

29. 3% Radiation Losses 11% Flue Losses GAS Exhaust Heat Exchanger Engine Generator 36% Electricity 50% Heat Conversion efficiency improvements – Building Scale CHP Localised generation makes use of waste heat. Reduces conversion losses significantly 86%efficient Engine heat Exchanger 29

30. UEA’s Combined Heat and Power 3 units each generating up to 1.0 MW electricity and 1.4 MW heat

31. Conversion efficiency improvements Before installation After installation This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide

32. Conversion efficiency improvements Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectively More electricity could be generated in summer 32

33. Conversion Efficiency Improvements High Temperature High Pressure Heat rejected Compressor Condenser Throttle Valve Evaporator Low Temperature Low Pressure Heat extracted for cooling Normal Chilling 33

34. Conversion Efficiency Improvements Heat from external source High Temperature High Pressure High Temperature High Pressure Heat rejected Desorber Heat Exchanger Condenser Throttle Valve W ~ 0 Evaporator Absorber Low Temperature Low Pressure Low Temperature Low Pressure Heat extracted for cooling Adsorption Chilling 34

35. A 1 MW Adsorption chiller • Adsorption Heat pump uses Waste Heat from CHP • Will provide most of chilling requirements in summer • Will reduce electricity demand in summer • Will increase electricity generated locally • Save 500 – 700 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually 35

36. The Future: Advanced Gasifier Biomass CHP Plant UEA has grown by over 40% since 2000 and energy demand is increasing. • New Biomass Plant will provide an extra 1.4MWe , and 2MWth • Will produce gas from waste wood which is then used as fuel for CHP plant • Under 7 year payback • Local wood fuel from waste wood and local sustainable sources • Will reduce Carbon Emissions of UEA by a further 35%

38. Reducing Carbon Emissions at the University of East Anglia Reduction with biomass Reduction with biomass When completed the biomass station will reduce total emissions by 32% compared to 2006 and 24.5% compared to 1990 38

39. Target Day Results of the “Big Switch-Off” With a concerted effort savings of 25% or more are possible How can these be translated into long term savings?

40. UK Geographical Spread of CRed • Community focused • 148,000 pledges • 45,000 people • Growing at 1-2% per month

41. On average each person causes emission of CO2 from energy used. UK ~9 tonnes of CO2 each year. France ~6.5 tonnes Germany ~ 10 tonnes USA ~ 20 tonnes How many people know what 9 tonnes of CO2 looks like? UK emissions is equivalent to 5 hot air balloons per person per year. In the developing world, the average is under 1 balloon per person "Nobody made a greater mistake than he who did nothing because he thought he could do only a little." Edmund Burke (1727 – 1797) 41

42. Raising Awareness At Gao’an No 1 Primary School in Xuhui District, Shanghai • A tumble dryer uses 4 times as much energy as a washing machine. Using it 5 times a week will cost over £100 a year just for this appliance alone and emit over half a tonne of CO2. • 10 gms of carbon dioxide has an equivalent volume of 1 party balloon. • Standby on electrical appliances • 60+ kWh a year - 3000 balloons • at a cost of over £6 per year • Filling up with petrol (~£45 for a full tank – 40 litres) • --------- 90 kg of CO2 (5% of one hot air balloon) How far does one have to drive in a small family car (e.g. 1400 cc Toyota Corolla) to emit as much carbon dioxide as heating an old persons room for 1 hour? 1.6 miles School children at the Al Fatah University, Tripoli, Libya 42

43. A Pathway to a Low Carbon Future for business • Awareness Management Offsetting Green Tariffs Renewable Energy Technical Measures

44. Sharing the Expertise of the University World’s First MBA in Strategic Carbon Management First cohort January 2008 A partnership between The Norwich Business School and the 5** School of Environmental Sciences

45. Conclusions Buildings built to low energy standards have cost ~ 5% more, but savings have recouped extra costs in around 5 years. Ventilation heat requirements can be large and efficient heat recovery is important. Effective adaptive energy management can reduce heating energy requirements in a low energy building by 50% or more. Photovoltaic cells need to take account of intended use of electricity use in building to get the optimum value. Building scale CHP can reduce carbon emissions significantly Adsorption chilling should be included to ensure optimum utilisation of CHP plant. Promoting Awareness can result in up to 25% savings The Future for UEA: Biomass CHP Wind Turbines?

46. WEBSITE www.cred-uk.org/ This presentation is available from at above WEB Site: >> follow Academic Links "If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading." LaoTzu (604-531 BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher