Male and Female Reproductive Systems

Male and Female Reproductive Systems Jose Bermudez Larissa De Alencar Ricky Zheng Kevin Cobas Valerie Puig Health Science 1 Date: Period. 08

Male Reproductive System

Abbreviations and Terminology • ED - erectile dysfunction • STD – Sexually transmitted diseases • TSE – testicular self-examination • VD – venereal disease • VDG – venereal disease – gonorrhea • VDS – venereal disease – syphilis • Balan/o – glans penis • -cide – killing • Epididym/o – epididymis • Genit/o – reproduction • Gon/o – genitals • Gonad/o – gonads • Olig/o – few or little • Prostat/o – prostate glands • Semin/I – semen • Sperm/o or Spermat/o – spermatozoa • Test/o or Testicul/o – testes • Vas/o – vas deferens .

Male Reproductive System • The male reproductive system is vital for reproduction. The male gamete, or sperm, meets the female’s egg and fertilizes the egg. The male’s sperm is the one that determines the sex of the fetus. • Unlike the female, whose sex organs are located entirely within the pelvis, the male’s reproductive organs are located outside the body. • The male genitals include: The Testicles, The Duct System which is made up of the epididymis and the vas deferens, The Accessory Gland which includes The Seminal Vesicles and The Prostate Glands, and The Penis.

Puberty • Puberty is a period of rapid growth and sexual maturation during which the reproductive system becomes fully functional • Puberty can normally start in boys between the ages of 11 and 15 and normally ends between 15 and 18. • During this time a boy will develop hair around his penis, on his scrotum, under his armpits, and start to grow facial hair. • His penis and testicles will get larger, and his scrotum will appear slightly redder/darker. • A boy's voice will begin to crack and will deepen in pitch. • There's no way to know when you will start puberty, how long you will take to finish, and what will happen first, it's different for everyone.

Male Organs • The Scrotum, located under the penis, is the external sac containing the testes. This bag of skin helps to regulate the temperature of testicles, which need to be kept cooler than body temperature to produce sperm. The scrotum involuntarily changes size to maintain the right temperature. • Seminiferous Tubules are one of the hundreds of tiny tubules in the testes in which sperm is produced. • The Epididymis is he structure in the male reproductive system in which sperm fully mature and are stored. • The tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra is the vas deferens. • The Penis is the external sex organ in which both urine and semen pass through. The penis is actually made up of two parts: the shaft and the glans. The shaft is the main part of the penis and the glans is the tip. At the end of the glans is a small slit or opening, which is where semen and urine exit the body through the urethra.

Male Organs (continued) • The prostategland, which produces some of the parts of semen, surrounds the ejaculatory ducts at the base of the urethra just below the bladder. • The urethra is the channel that carries the semen to the outside of the body from the prostate gland through the penis. It also carries urine from the bladder. • Testosterone is the hormone that causes boys to develop deeper voices, bigger bodies, facial hair, and stimulates the production of sperm.

Female Reproductive System

Abbreviations and Terminology • BSE – breast self-examination • CS – Cesarean section • Cx – cervix • D&C – dilation & curettage • EDD – estimated date of delivery • FHR – fetal heart rate • GYN – gynecology • HRT – hormone replacementtherapy • IUD – intrauterine device • IVF – in vitro fertilization • LMP – last menstrual period • OB – obstetrics • PID – pelvic inflammatory disease • PMS – premenstrual syndrome • TSS – toxic shock syndrome • Cervic/o – cervix • Embry/o – embryo • Fet/o – fetus • Gynec/o – female • Hymen/o – hymen • Hyster/o – uterus • Lact/o – milk • -lipsis – omit, fail • Mamm/o – breast • Men/o – menstruation • Nat/o – birth • Neo- new • Ov/o, ov/i – egg, ovum • -partum – labor • Sacchar/o – sugar • Vagin/o – vagina • Vulv/o - vulva

Female Reproductive System • Unlike the male, the human female has a reproductive system located entirely in the pelvis. The external part of the female reproductive organs is called the vulva, which means covering. Located between the legs, the vulva covers the opening to the vagina and other reproductive organs located inside the body. • The female genitals include: the urethra, two fallopiantubes, her uterus, the vagina, the hymen, the uterus, ovaries, and the labia. • Interactive menstrual cycle!

Puberty • Puberty usually starts between the ages of 8 and 13 and lasts a few years. It may start earlier in girls who are overweight, or later in girls who are very athletic or thin. • Along with gaining curvier hips, your breasts grow during puberty. Two years or so after your breasts start to develop, you'll probably get your first period. Your first period is known as menarche. Periods usually last between two and eight days and come every 21 to 35 days. • Premenstrualsyndrome (PMS) is a collection of physical and emotional symptoms related to a woman's menstrual cycle.

Female Organs • The labia two pairs of skin flaps that surround the vaginal opening. Between the labia are the urethra and vagina. • The vagina isa muscular, hollow tube/ opening that extends to the uterus. It serves 3 purposes: sexual intercourse, birth canal, and menstrual passage. • The hymen is a thin sheet of tissue with one or more holes in it that partially covers the vagina. • A Women's uterus is shaped like an upside-down pear, with a thick lining and muscular walls. The uterus contains some of the strongest muscles in the female body.

Female Organs (continued) • Ovaries - The ovaries are small, oval-shaped glands that are located on either side of the uterus. The ovaries produce eggs and hormones. They are also part of the endocrine system. • Clitoris - the clitoris is the most sensitive erogenous zone of the female and the primary cause of female sexual pleasure. • There are two fallopiantubes, each attached to a side of the uterus. They are about 4 inches long and the width of spaghetti. When an egg is in the fallopian tube, tiny hairs push it towards the uterus.

Fertilization • Ovulation occurs when a mature egg is released from the ovary, pushed down the fallopian tube, and is available to be fertilized. The lining of the uterus has thickened to prepare for a fertilized egg. • If a female and male have sex within several days of the female's ovulation, fertilization can occur. • It takes only one sperm to fertilize the egg. • About a week after the sperm fertilizes the egg, the fertilized egg has become a multicelledblastocyst. • The inner cells form a flattened circular shape called the embryonic disk, which will develop into a baby. • The outer cells become thin membranes that form around the baby. • The cells multiply thousands of times and move to new positions to eventually become the embryo.

Pregnacy • After approximately 8 weeks, the embryo is about the size of an adult's thumb, but almost all of its parts — the brain and nerves, the heart and blood, the stomach and intestines, and the muscles and skin — have formed. • During the fetal stage, which lasts from 9 weeks after fertilization to birth, development continues as cells multiply, move, and change. • The fetus floats in amniotic fluid inside the amniotic sac. • Pregnancy lasts an average of 280 days — about 9 months. • The fetus receives oxygen and nourishment from the mother's blood via the placenta, a disk-like structure that sticks to the inner lining of the uterus and connects to the fetus via the umbilical cord. • When the baby is ready for birth, its head presses on the cervix, which begins to relax and widen to get ready for the baby to pass into and through the vagina.

Chlamydia • Chlamydia is a disease caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis. Chlamydia is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the United States. • Only 25% of Men experience symptoms which include: Burning sensation during urination, Discharge from the penis or rectum, Testicular tenderness or pain, and Rectal discharge or pain. • Only 30% of Women experience symptoms which may include: Burning sensation during urination, painful intercourse, rectal pain or discharge, and vaginal discharge. • Sexually active individuals and individuals with multiple partners are at highest risk. • No particular race or gender gets it and it can be cured. The usual treatment for Chlamydia is antibiotics, including tetracycline, azithromycin, or erythromycin. • Chlamydia does not discriminate.

Syphilis • In the late stages of syphilis, the disease may subsequently damage the internal organs, including the brain, nerves, eyes, heart, blood vessels, liver, bones, and joints. Sores occur mainly on the external genitals, vagina, anus, or in the rectum. Sores also can occur on the lips and in the mouth. • Caused by the bacterium Treponemapallidum. • During the primary stage of syphilis, a sore (chancre) that is usually painless develops at the site where the bacteria entered the body. Secondary syphilis is characterized by a rash that appears from 4 to 10 weeks after the chancre develops and sometimes before it heals. During the latest stage, syphilis • may cause serious blood vessel and heart problems, mental disorders, blindness, nerve system problems, and even death. • Syphilis is passed from person to person through direct contact with a syphilis sore. • Syphilis is easy to cure in its early stages. A single intramuscular injection of penicillin, an antibiotic, will cure a person who has had syphilis for less than a year.

Genital Warts • Genital warts are soft growths on the skin and mucus membranes of the genitals. • They may be found on the penis, vulva, urethra, vagina, cervix, and around and in the anus. Genital Warts are also found on the lips, mouth, tongue, and throat. • The virus that causes genital warts is called human papilloma virus (HPV). • You are more likely to get genital warts and spread them more quickly if you: Have multiple sexual partners, are sexually active at an early age, use tobacco and alcohol • The warts may look like: Flesh-colored spots that are raised or flat growths that look like the top of a cauliflower. • Treatment may include: A skin treatment done in the doctor's office, prescription medicine that you apply at home several times per week, • Any age, sex, or race can get it.

Gynecology/Obstetrics • Education - Bachelors degree, medical school degree, OBGYN residency, state licensure and board certification. • Duties and Responsibilities - Physicians who have specialized education and training to diagnose and treat women's health concerns like breast cancer, pregnancy and reproductive system conditions. • Salary - $254,072

Sonography • Education - 2-year degree programs at technical and community colleges. • Duties and Responsibilities - Sonographers use equipment that directs high-frequency sound waves to body organs and tissue to generate medical diagnostic images. Opportunities are available to generalize or specialize in a particular field of sonography, such as the female reproductive system, vascular system, brain or abdomen. • Salary - $81,000

Urologist • The common path to practicing as a physician requires 8 years of education beyond high school and 3 to 8 additional years of internship and residency. • Duties and Responsibilities - Urologists handle the medical and surgical management of problems of the urinary tract in adults and children, men and women (such as kidney stones, prostate enlargement , bladder over activity, incontinence, bladder cancer, bladder kidney), and medical or surgical problems of the male genitalia or reproductive system. • Salary - $302,741

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Male and Female Reproductive Systems