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Female Migration

Female Migration. International Organization for Migration Anke Strauss – Liaison Officer Office of the IOM Permanent Observer to the United Nations 2 March 2010. Migration – the big picture. One out of every 32 people is an international migrant Almost half are women.

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Female Migration

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  1. Female Migration International Organization for Migration Anke Strauss – Liaison Officer Office of the IOM Permanent Observer to the United Nations 2 March 2010

  2. Migration – the big picture • One out of every 32 people is an international migrant • Almost half are women • China 1.354 billion • India 1.214 billion • US 318 million • Indonesia 233 million • Migrants 214 million Source: Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2008 Revision, UN DESA

  3. Feminization of Migration • Quantitative perspective • No feminization at the global level • Feminization in Oceania, Latin America • and the Caribbean and Africa • Drop in Asia Qualitative perspective • More women migrants as main income earners Female migration is here to stay

  4. How Gender Influences the Choice to Migrate • Impact on push factors • Impact on decision-making • Impact on opportunities for migration

  5. Low Skilled: Mainly domestic work Direct impact on vulnerability/ Remittances Skilled welfare and social Professionals Gender-insensitive labour migration Policies Impact of Economic Crisis Women migrants and the labour market

  6. Higher migration rate of skilled women Barriers to professional achievement as a key cause Nurses and doctors face considerable downgrading and discrimination Deskilling frequent among educated migrant women Lack of recognition of qualifications: need for new degrees Brain Drain & Deskilling

  7. Gendered sending patterns Women send approximately the same amount Represent a higher proportion of their income Women send money more regularly and for longer periods of time Gender specific and individual motives to remit Legal status and working conditions: key determinants Women Migrants & Remittances

  8. Different types of violence Multi-factored vulnerability As women As migrants Additional risk factors Legal status, age, class, race, nationality, ethnicity, employment, language, level of education, religion, culture, disability… Isolation an aggravating factor Limited access to institutional support Public / Private spheres Migration-related change in gender roles as a trigger to violence Women migrants facing violence and discrimination

  9. Question of the « left-behinds » Emotional toll for children Heartbreak and guilt for mothers Negative effects are often overstated Policy response is needed in problematic cases Burden on other women The social costs of migration

  10. Integration can be a slow, emotional, time-consuming and stressful proccess Vary according to the migrant woman profile Resistance can create tensions Integration is a highly gendered process Obstacles for women are many The integration of migrant women

  11. Empowerment and self-esteem Recognition and respect Reconnection and social consciousness Breaking the isolation Building social capital Benefit for women

  12. Thank You Information: www.iom.int & www.un.int/iom Contact: astrauss@iom.int

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