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The Development of Polyphony

The Development of Polyphony. Sources. Musica enchiriadis , Scolia Enchiriadis ( c. 900) manuals for singers and one of the major musical documents of the Middle Ages. Three kinds of organum octave fifth fourth. Organum at the 5th.

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The Development of Polyphony

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  1. The Development of Polyphony

  2. Sources • Musica enchiriadis, Scolia Enchiriadis (c. 900) • manuals for singers and one of the major musical documents of the Middle Ages. • Three kinds of organum • octave • fifth • fourth

  3. Organum at the 5th • vox organalis moves parallel with the vox principalis at the fifth below • octave doubling to form 3 or 4 voices possible

  4. Organum at the 4th • “artifical” polyphony: parts independent to avoid tritones (diabolus in musica!)

  5. Dasia (Daseian) Notation

  6. Dasia Notation

  7. Polyphony • Why? • Exaltation and Embellishment • horizontally: trope, sequence — vertically: organum • How? • singers with different natural vocal ranges singing at their most comfortable pitch levels • a practice of organists adopted by singers • organum: originally, any musical instrument, later in particular an organ; used perhaps to describe the precise measurement of pitches in polyphony

  8. Organum • Alleluia • organum • chant • Verse • organum • chant (=Alleluia) • Alleluia • [organum] • chant

  9. St. Marital (9th-12th c.) • In the organums of the monastery of Saint-Martial at Limoges (Aquitaine), the vox principalis andvox organalis exchanged position: • the plainsong part (vox principalis) was reduced to the role of sustaining each tone in the lower voice

  10. St. Marital • the organal part in free melismata in the upper voice • organum purum

  11. The Frankish Kingdom

  12. Notre Dame (12th-13th c.)

  13. Notre Dame (12th-13th c.)

  14. Notre Dame • Early in the 12th century the centre of musical activity shifted to the church of Notre-Dame in Paris • Leonin: optimus organista • Magnus liber organi de gradali et antiphonario • 2 voices • Perotin: optimus discantor • Clausula (section) in discantus style (singing apart, syllabic against neumatic) • when words were provided for the added part or parts, a clausula became a motet • incorporating the rhythmic patterns already well-known in secular music and adding more than one part to the cantus firmus

  15. Perotin, Organum triplum “Alleluia Nativitas” W2=WolfenbüttelHerzog August Bibliothek, Codex Guelf. 1099 Helmst., fol. 16r (s. 13 ex.)

  16. Mode — Grouping — Ex. — Rhythmic (medieval—today) Modal Notation

  17. Organum,Rome, Biblio. Apost. Vat., Fondo Ottoboniano Lat. 3025, f. 49

  18. Perotin: Sederunt • Sederunt • organum quadruplum • principes… • chant

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