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Microscopes revolutionized Biology

Microscopes revolutionized Biology. Microscopes made cell biology possible. Cell Biology has contributed greatly to advancing medicine and other fields, and led directly to the field of Molecular Biology. With Cells, Size Matters (or the metric system can be fun).

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Microscopes revolutionized Biology

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  1. Microscopes revolutionized Biology

  2. Microscopes made cell biology possible

  3. Cell Biology has contributed greatly to advancing medicine and other fields, and led directly to the field of Molecular Biology.

  4. With Cells, Size Matters (or the metric system can be fun).

  5. Viruses are a diverse group of organisms

  6. TMV was the first virus discovered

  7. Mr. Microscope, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Brass replica showing size . . . my work, which I've done for a long time, was not pursued in order to gain the praise I now enjoy, but chiefly from a craving after knowledge, which I notice resides in me more than in most other men. And therewithal, whenever I found out anything remarkable, I have thought it my duty to put down my discovery on paper, so that all ingenious people might be informed thereof. Antony van Leeuwenhoek. Letter of June 12, 1716 Brass single lens microscope, Univ. of Utrecht

  8. Leeuwenhoek’s work Rotifer Bacteria

  9. Spontaneous Generation -The theory with nine lives Louis Pasteur 1859 John Needham 1745 Lazzaro Spallanzani 1768 Francesco Redi 1668 The controversy over the “spontaneous” generation of life from dead material has an ancient origin. First disproved by Redi for macroscopic life, it became an issue again after the discovery of microbes. Over 100 years later it was finally laid to rest through the work of Spallanzani and the more comprehensive and elegant experiments of Pasteur.

  10. Many different types of light and electron microscopy have been developed. From the top: Euglena as imaged by differential interference contrast light microscopy (uses polarized light to create a pseudo 3D image).Surface detail as revealed by S.E.M. and internal detail as revealed by T.E.M.

  11. Light vs Electrons

  12. Contrasted cell types

  13. Contrasted cell types - micrographs

  14. A composite bacterial cell

  15. Bacterium showing capsule and pilli

  16. Bacterium transmission EM, showing nucleoid region and lack of internal structure

  17. Eukaryotic animal cell

  18. Eukaryotic plant cell

  19. Different plant cells have cell walls of differing thickness. The thicker walls of the vascular bundle fiber and xylem cells (red) have several layers

  20. Plasma membranes are a “fluid mosaic” of proteins in a phospholipid bilayer.

  21. Review of triglyceride structure

  22. Phospholipids are synthesized by replacing a triglyceride fatty acid with more polar groups

  23. All cells have a plasma membrane

  24. The Nucleus has internal structure

  25. The role of the nucleus in the “Central Dogma.”

  26. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) comes in two types.

  27. The “Rough” ER creates proteins for export See the following “ribosome” slides for details

  28. The Golgi apparatus and vesicles modify and package materials for export (exocytosis)

  29. Relationships in the endomembrane system.

  30. Lysosomes are created by the Golgi and contain enzymes that breakdown materials taken into the cell by endocytosis.

  31. Vacuoles are storage organelles.

  32. Chloroplasts

  33. Chloroplasts move about the cell via cytoplasmic streaming.

  34. Mitochondria

  35. Ribosomes consist of two subunits and are the protein manufacturing centers of the cell

  36. Many ribosomes can “read an mRNA blueprint at once. Ribosomes carry out translation of a messenger RNA to make a protein. Small transfer RNAs (trucks) deliver specific amino acids in the right sequence and a protein is made.

  37. The elements of the cytoskeleton are responsible for giving cells shape, allowing them to move, and directing internal organelle “traffic.”

  38. Flagella and cilia

  39. Our ability to manipulate cells in vivo and in vitro is contributing to a medical revolution.

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