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Cation adsorption (positive ions) Huge capacity: micropore surfaces

PARADIGM SHIFT. Biochar Properties. Cation E xchange C apacity ( CEC ). Soil Class CEC. Soil as battery. Sandy 3-5 Silt Loam 10-15 Heavy Clay 20-25. Store charge as ions (micropore adsorption) Store charge as electrons (carbon rings) Release charge for growth Regulate level & polarity

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Cation adsorption (positive ions) Huge capacity: micropore surfaces

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  1. PARADIGM SHIFT Biochar Properties Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) Soil Class CEC Soil as battery Sandy 3-5 Silt Loam 10-15 Heavy Clay 20-25 Store charge as ions (micropore adsorption) Store charge as electrons (carbon rings) Release charge for growth Regulate level & polarity Source of charge? LED bulb Cation adsorption (positive ions) Huge capacity: micropore surfaces Increase CEC sharply (+20-50) Increase stored growth potential Easily available forms Adsorbed on micropore surfaces Retain nutrients in root zone Simple ion exchange with roots Reduce leaching (40-80%) Enhance microbial activity Efficient nutrient use by plants Reduce fertillizer applications Enhance growth of crops Higher crop nutrient content Sorption todetoxify & remediate Heavy metals Organic molecules lit by C C Corn Yield CEC Where are the electrons? C C corncob biochar 80 bu 5 100 bu 7 120 bu 9 140 bu 11 160 bu 13 180 bu 16 Cations add charge to battery Anions carry charge around in cell & plant Acid = + charge = electron deficit C C battery Electron adsorption capacity Charge carriers: electrons = negative Cellulose & micropores: charge conductor Carbon ring & electron cloud: capacitor Ions, membranes & biofilms: circuit board − e Soil conducivity − e Capacity to contain electrons Ability to pass electric current Cation Exchange Capacity Anion Exchange Capacity Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium Phosphorus, Sulfur, Chlorine most Trace Elements Nitrogen, Boron, Iodine

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