Russia

1. Russia

2. Congress Of Vienna • It was an international conference • Called to remake Europe • Alexander I represented us • We got Finland and control of Poland which was a new kingdom at this time • The goal of the meeting was to restore the balance of power among the European countries and make peace between the nations • The congress was successful in accomplishing this

3. Russia’s Crisis • Russia was in crisis during the late 19th and early 20th century. The West was developing industry and technology faster than us and forceful new competitors appeared. We were unable to compete with these advancing societies because we were not capable of generating enough capital in order to sustain ourselves with the rapid industrialization. • Economy developed slower than in the West and European countries • Our populations was larger, but lived mainly in rural areas and were mostly farmers • -it stayed this way until well into the 20th century • The state had great involvement in our development, but ultimately it was lagging behind compared to other countries • Agricultural technology was vastly underdeveloped with land in the hands of ex-serfs and state peasants • Land that was arable was insufficiently worked • Industrial growth was shaky and not widespread, but was significant • The budget for the state doubled and our debts quadrupled in 1891 • Inadequate trade was not meeting the needs of the empire and we could not finance trade with the West as our surplus was not enough to cover our debts until the state established high industrial tariffs

4. Under Alexander II (1855-1881) • A conservative who acted liberally • During his time there was a great sense of liberalist freedom • Brought many reforms: • -abolished serfdom • -legal system • -military • -improved state finances • -expanded railroad system • -industrialized Timeline http://www.historyworld.net/timesearch/default.asp?keywords=russia&sort2=&bottomsort=&topsort=&direction=&timelineid=&getyear=1830&viewtext=extended&conid=timeline&event_number=20&date=1830

5. Social Change • Emancipated the serfs and gave them land from their former land lords • They were expected to pay the government back for the land given to them • Land lords were compensated for giving up their land with government bonds • Government expected the peasant to grow enough food for themselves and for export trade • This did not happen and left many peasants and former land owners dissatisfied • Peasants fell behind in their payments as their land was not very good for growing and they continued to use poor farming methods • As the peasants were unable to pay the government , the value of government bonds fell • Serf freedom drastically changed the social structure • The wealthy were forced to give up many privileges that had come with owning serfs

6. more Social change • Government reformation followed the emancipation • Traditional peasant justice continued as the government did have enough money and culture influence to force change • a town council gave limited democracy • cities given power to develop their own economy and govern their welfare

7. Justice System Reform • Western style courts were developed • became an independent branch of the government • it became a unified system • upper class favour was replaced with "equality" • created trial by jury (major) and justice of the peace (minor)

8. Military Reform • reduced working hours • allowed all classes to serve • corporal punishment was abolished • an attempt was made to improve professionalism among the officers • all persons in the military were given an education • made more comfortable uniforms

9. Economy • state finances improved which gave way to industrial expansion • railroad expansions came first • the expansion allowed crops to travel further and stabilized prices • by exporting crops Russia gained more money which then was used to further industrialize the country • mining of coal, iron and steel grew as railroad materials were needed • by demanding more rails, locomotives and other goods the economy was stimulated • industrial suburbs developed as a result

10. Figure 1 : Total Railway Length Figure 3 : Railway Lines per Million People Figure 2 : Railway Length per 100,000 sq km

11. Expansion • Alex II expanded Russia to include the Siberian Far East and Sakhalin Island which was then used as a penal colony • While china was weak, Russia signed the Treaty of Aigun with them • -this gained Russia the territory to the left of the Amur River which is about the size of California and Oregon combined • With all the other gained lands, Russia was able to tax the conquered people and increase the economy • Then Alexander II tried to consolidate its empire in 1867 • -he sold the US all its territory in North America, Alaska

12. Political players • Most of the key political players in the Russian Empire during the 19th century were the Tsars or Kings of Russia. • (1796-1855) • Established the Code of Laws reinstating old existing Russian Laws attempting to limit the power of land lords over serfs. • The Ideology of Nicholas Russia had three components, Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality. • Reformed education to fit the needs of his ideology Nicholas 1st

13. Foreign Affairs • Russia was involved in its own holy war with the Islamic mountain people • They captured the Shamil who was a legendary leader of the resistance • 1863 Russia made a military expiation into Central Asia • Russia captured Tashkent and made it an administrative center, furthering their expansion • An alliance was created with Prussia and Austria-Hungary called the Three Emperor’s League • Aligned with the Christian powers and declared war on the Ottoman sultan • Alex II offered Austria Bosnia and Herzegovina in an attempt to gain favour with them • -in doing so he laid the foundation for WWI • Russia was successful against the Ottoman’s, but made peace with the Turks after Britain threatened to join • At the Conference of Berlin in 1878 the Balkans map lines were redrawn and Russia suffered a diplomatic defeat

14. Russian Art • In the 19th century there was an artistic movement in the style towards ideological realism where the art began to incorporate moral and social education to the populace • Art was now available to everyone, not just the wealthy

15. Ideological Reflections • Russian Orthodox Church • Still very much in the “medieval stage” of development • Some influence came from the West as Russia was generally open towards them • Tolstoy, a Russian author wrote, “War and Peace” • In the early 20th century Karl Marx was a founding ideologist for the Russian Revolution with his ideas of equality and cooperation

16. Talk of Revolution • Decembrist uprising (1825). • Polish revolution (1839-1831) crushed. • Second Polish revolution (1863-1864) also crushed. • Russian revolution of (1905) uprising against the Tsar Government (bloody Sunday) This was the first successful revolution which lead to state Duma or legislative assembly, and a the Constitution of 1906.

17. Alexander the 2nd (1855-1881) • Tried to introduce liberal ideas and reforms • Alexander Abolished serfdom in 1861 • Sold Alaska to the United States • Planed reforms for industry and commerce including the construction of the trans Siberian railway • Assassinated in 1855 on the day he signed Loris-Melikov constitution which would have created a legislative assembly

18. Alexander the 3rd (1881-1894) • Alexander the 3rd undid much of the reforms his father did. • Restore Russia’s position internationally and also her national identity, which he believed had been diluted throughout the C19th. • education was also reformed. • the Orthodox church was also used to extend the power of the tsar.

19. Nicholas 2nd the last Tsar of Russia(1894-1917) • A cultural nationalist, Nicholas was opposed to the Westernization of Russia. • Nicholas II faced mounting domestic problems. Leading to the 1905 revolution. • workers established the Union of Unions and demanded a constituent assembly. • He eventually agreed and published the October Manifesto. This granted freedom of conscience, speech, meeting and association. He also promised that in future people would not be imprisoned without trial. Finally he announced that no law would become operative without the approval of the Duma.

20. Nationalization • Ivan the 3rd (Ivan the Great) Believed that he and Russia was heir to the last Byzantine emperor Constantine XI, making the assumption that Russia is the (3rd Rome) • Ivan adopted concept of Moscow as the Third Rome, the heir to Rome and Constantinople ('Second Rome') as capitals of true Christian faith. Since then, Russia uses the Byzantine Double-headed eagle as its coat of arms. • In the 1800s there was three components of Russian nationalism under Nicholas 1st. • Orthodoxy - Orthodox Christianity and protection of Russian Orthodox Church. • Autocracy - unconditional loyalty to House of Romanov in return for paternalist protection for all social estates. • Nationality - recognition of the state-founding role on the Russian nationality. • In 1833 Nicholas created the First Russian anthem God save the Tsar. • The was no real since of nationalism because of the shifting liberal and conservative thoughts of the Tsars

21. Balance of Power • In 1877 Russia declared war on the ottoman empire trying to capture Constantinople. They were stopped sort cause of threatened with war by an aroused Britain if it did so. • The Russian government considered Germany to be the main threat to its territory. • This was reinforced by Germany's decision to form the Triple Alliance. Under the terms of this military alliance, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy agreed to support each other if attacked by either France or Russia. • Although Germany was ruled by the Tsar's cousin, Kaiser Wilhem II, he accepted the views of his ministers and in 1907 agreed that Russia should joined Britain and France to form the Triple Entente. • In the international crisis that followed the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand brother of the Austria-Hungary emperor, the Tsar order the mobilization of the Russian Army even though he knew it would lead to war with the Germany and Austria-Hungary.

22. Bibliography Boguslawski, Alexander. "Intoduction." Introduction. 2005. Web. 12 Feb. 2010. <http://tars.rollins.edu/Foreign_Lang/Russian/19intro.html>. "History of Russia." History World. Web. 12 Feb. 2010. <http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=2389&HistoryID=ac14&gtrack=pthc>. "Russia Ruling the Empire." History Russian Abroad. Web. 12 Feb. 2010. <http://www.russiansabroad.com/russian_history_33.html>. Smitha, Frank E. "Macrohistory and World Report." Www.fsmitha.com. Frank E. Smitha, 2003. Web. 12 Feb. 2010. <http://www.fsmitha.com/h3/h47-ru3.htm>. Sung Jik, Cha. "Railroads in 19th Century Europe : Great Britain, France, Germany, and Russia." World History At KMLA. Korean Minjok Leadership Academy, May 2008. Web. 15 Feb. 2010. <http://www.zum.de/whkmla/sp/0910/csj/csj1.html>.