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The fight against slavery Comm 412 - 2

The fight against slavery Comm 412 - 2. Quiz. Why do we drive on the left? What are the three layers of guild membership? What did the youth of London revolt about eating? What was the nationality of the first coffee house owner? Where does the factor keep his goods?

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The fight against slavery Comm 412 - 2

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  1. The fight against slaveryComm 412 - 2

  2. Quiz • Why do we drive on the left? • What are the three layers of guild membership? • What did the youth of London revolt about eating? • What was the nationality of the first coffee house owner? • Where does the factor keep his goods? • Where did Addison like to go to see the world?

  3. Cockney rhyming slang • He’s wearing a syrup. • She’s wearing a titfor. • He’s having a butchers. • She’s going up the apples. • He’s eating a Ruby. • She’s on the bone. • He would not Adam it.

  4. English pronunciation: people and places • Waugh • Mainwaring • Grosvenor • Reading • Borough • Worcestershire

  5. What’s happened to you? • Hampton Court

  6. The story so far • The fight for liberty against absolutism was fought in philosophy, politics, history, and manners • It created the first constitutional monarchy • It created a public sphere where reason, debate and observation could be used • It created a publishing industry focused on magazines • It established the individual with a real or made up (see Addison) background • It released some people from the fear of nature

  7. Theory of social movementsLeland Griffin 1952 • A. People have become dissatisfied with some aspect of their environment. • B. They desire change (social, economic, political, religious, intellectual or otherwise) and, desiring change, they make efforts to alter their environment. • C. Their efforts result in some degree of success or failure, the desired change is or is not effected and we may say that the historical movement has come to its termination.

  8. Charles Tilly Social Movements • Sustained, organised public effort • Making collective claims on target authorities • Reliance upon special-purpose associations and coalitions, public meetings, solemn processions, vigils, rallies, demonstrations, petition drives, statements to and in public media, and pamphleteering • Participants are united, in numbers and have commitment

  9. Della Porta Social movements • Dense informal networks • Collective identity and action

  10. Slavery • Today 12 million to 27 million people are enslaved • Our focus: the Atlantic slave trade 1440-1870

  11. Source: Thomas, Hugh (1997) The Slave Trade, London, Picador

  12. Arguments for slavery: religion • Genesis 9:25-27: "Cursed be Canaan! The lowest of slaves will he be to his brothers. He also said, 'Blessed be the Lord, the God of Shem! May Canaan be the slave of Shem. May God extend the territory of Japheth; may Japheth live in the tents of Shem and may Canaan be his slave'. “ • "[Slavery] was established by decree of Almighty God...it is sanctioned in the Bible, in both Testaments, from Genesis to Revelation...it has existed in all ages, has been found among the people of the highest civilization, and in nations of the highest proficiency in the arts." Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America

  13. It makes them into Christians: Prince Henry “saving new souls for God.”

  14. Classicism • Holding of slaves by Greeks and Romans (1 in 3 in early Empire) in classical times • The right of the victor to take property, including people • Aristotle (384-322BC): “Humanity is divided into two: masters and slaves.” “The use of domestic animals and slaves is about the same.” • Cicero (106-43BC) slavery was legitimate for people who could not govern themselves • St Isidore of Seville (560-636) :”to those unsuitable for liberty, he [God] has mercifully accorded servitude.” • These are not humans, but property

  15. The trade • 1440 Portuguese capture slaves in West Africa and brings them to Europe • 1510 slaves to Hispaniola for the mines • 1562 England starts its slave trade: English centres: London, Bristol from 1730 and Liverpool 1750s: goods in the triangle of trade • 1574 1,000 Spanish and 12,000 slaves on Hispaniola • 1590s Dutch start their slave trade

  16. Arguments for • Saint Thomas More (1478-1535): “a suitable station in life for any prisoner of war, for criminals and also for hard-working and poverty stricken drudge from another country.” • Pope Leo X (1475-1521): “not only the Christian religion, but nature itself cried out against a state of slavery [for native Indians, not for Africans].

  17. Economics • How else to get cotton picked, sugar hacked and tobacco plucked?: not enough indentured workers • Spanish invasion of Caribbean (Spanish Carib = cannibal) decimates native population • Classic sugar plantation: 750 acres, 120 slaves, 40 oxen, great house and slave quarters • Native population considered too weak to work: 4 native Indians = 1 black worker • Portuguese explore West coast of Africa: starts August 1440 • Salves sold to Europeans by African chiefs for cloth, brass pots, pans, ornaments, glass, wine, weapons, candles

  18. In 15th century West Africa only form of private property: a sign of wealth. • They are criminals • They were born into slavery • It is too dangerous to liberate them • It is a separate culture in the South of the USA, a “peculiar institution”

  19. USA • Five generations of slaves: • Charter generation: originally used as servants • Plantation generation: used for agricultural labour • Revolution generation: the new notion of universal equality • Migration generation: to the south • Freedom generation: lost • Horton and Horton, 2006

  20. The fight against slavery • Defending themselves from European raids • Suicide • Slave rebellions: 1st: Hispaniola 1522 on Columbus’s son’s sugar plantation: most recaptured and punished • San Domingo 1533,: guerrilla war lasted 10 years • Mid 16th century 7,000 living in the hills • USA: eg: 1708, 1712, 1733, 1737 slave revolts • 1741 Pope pronounces against slavery

  21. 1555 Fernao de Oliveira (1507-81): “such an evil trade” • 1557 Domingo de Soto (1494-1560): wrong to keep in slavery a man born free or captured by fraud or violence • 1615 Brederoo of Amsterdam: “Inhuman custom. Godless rascality. That people are being sold to horselike slavery.”

  22. Late 17th century is Europe: Puritans and Quakers argue against slavery • 1696 and 1711 Quaker meetings say should stop the trade, eject slaver owners from the society

  23. 1765 Blackstone “abhors and will not endure the state of slavery within this nation [England].” • 1770 first abolition society USA • UK: Granville Sharp defends freedom of slaves 1769 • 1779 last sale of slaves in England • 1780 Pennsylvania abolishes slavery for future generations; -1800 New England states abolish slavery • 1787 Committee for effecting the abolition of the slave trade formed in London • Wesley preaches against slavery 1788 • Manchester petition2/3rds of male population 1788

  24. Thomas Clarkson (1760-1846): the economic argument against the trade: 1787 • Unprofitable • Brutal • Free up capital • Build up a free labour force which would consume British goods • 1788 Privy Council committee hears evidence

  25. 1788 arguments • Clarkson presents evidence • Arguments for: better that they be slaves under white rule than be in Africa

  26. MorlandThe Slave Trade 1788

  27. London • The docking facilities of the City were at breaking point and there was a lot of pilfering. • West India merchants proposed new docks east of London in 1793. • Construction started 1799; finished 1806 • High profits and spread London out east

  28. 1799 1880 1805 1805 1855 1807 1921 1828 1868

  29. USA compromise • USA: Article 1 section 9 of new US constitution: slave trade to continue to 1808: better the have the southern states in the new republic than out of it • “This country is not capable of being cultivated by white men.”

  30. 1850s: 34% taken in war, 30% kidnapped, 11% sold after judicial process, 7% sold to pay debts, 7% sold by relations or friends • Slavery split from slave trade: Fox 1806 “Slavery itself, odious as it is, is not nearly so bad a thing as the slave trade.”

  31. 1792 Denmark abolished the trade • 1792 Wilberforce tries again: long debate, won with word gradually • 1807 No new ships for the trade • Illegal from May 1 1807: enforced by the Royal Navy • 1815 as part of European settlement after Napoleonic Wars slave trade to be abolished through Europe and European ships

  32. 1834, after 1832 reform act, slavery abolished in British Empire • Becomes part of British foreign policy • 1861 USA/UK agreement that they could take any ship trading slaves which they found from any nation: joint courts. Treaty passed in secret session of Congress • Lincoln’s draft of the emancipation declaration

  33. Overview • A long strung out movement over many generations: gets into its stride in early 18th century • Organisation, publication, legislation, petitions, demonstrations • Get political and economic interests involved • Get details to the public

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