Results

1. Results Determining the main source of anti-fungal properties in termites

2. AN OVERVIEW A. niger T. kanei Simulates conditions of the hemolymph Simulates conditions of the gut Contains bacteria, no protozoa. Presence of other small micro-organisms as well Contains nobacteria, no protozoa. Contains both protozoa and bacteria. Presence of other micro-organisms as well

3. AN OVERVIEW A. niger T. kanei Simulates conditions of the hemolymph Simulates conditions of the gut Contains bacteria, no protozoa. Presence of other small micro-organisms as well Contains nobacteria, no protozoa. Contains both protozoa and bacteria. Presence of other micro-organisms as well

4. Results for anti-fungal assay on A. niger, using body extracts of termites mixed in PBS (pH 10) Set B: Control (PBS) w/ extract (Not filtered) w/ extract (0.8um) w/ extract (0.45um)

5. Results for anti-fungal assay on A. niger, using body extracts of termites mixed in PBS (pH 10) T-test p-value for Extract (NF): 0.0352 (Significant), Extract (0.8um): 0.148 (Insignificant), Extract (0.45um): 0.102 (Insignificant)

6. Results for anti-fungal assay on T. kanei, using body extracts of termites mixed in PBS (pH 10) Set A: w/ extract (Not filtered) Control (PBS) w/ extract (0.45um) w/ extract (0.8um)

7. Results for anti-fungal assay on T. kanei, using body extracts of termites mixed in PBS (pH 10) T-test p-value for Extract (NF): 0.0151 (Significant), Extract (0.8um): 0.0396 (Significant)

8. AN OVERVIEW A. niger T. kanei Simulates conditions of the hemolymph Simulates conditions of the gut Contains bacteria, no protozoa. Presence of other small micro-organisms as well Contains nobacteria, no protozoa. Contains both protozoa and bacteria. Presence of other micro-organisms as well

9. Results for anti-fungal assay on A.niger, using body extracts of termites mixed in PBS (pH 7.3) Set B: Control (PBS) w/ extract (Not filtered) w/ extract (0.8um) w/ extract (0.45um)

10. Results for anti-fungal assay on A.niger, using body extracts of termites mixed in PBS (pH 7.3) T-test p-value for Extract (NF): 0.0452 (Significant), Extract (0.8um): 0.0780 (Insignificant)

11. Results for anti-fungal assay on T. kanei, using body extracts of termites mixed in PBS (pH 7.3) Set B: Control (PBS) w/ extract (Not filtered) w/ extract (0.8um) w/ extract (0.45um)

12. Results for anti-fungal assay on T. kanei, using body extracts of termites mixed in PBS (pH 7.3) T-test p-value for Extract (NF): 0.0303 (Significant), Extract (0.8um): 0.0295 (Significant)

13. Comparison of anti-fungal properties of termites suspended in PBS of different pH values (against A. niger) • What we can conclude from this graph: • Protozoa has greater anti-fungal properties against A. niger as compared to bacteria. • Termites in PBS pH 7.3 has greater anti-fungal properties against A. niger as compared to termites in PBS pH 10. • Conclusion: Protozoa in the hemolymph has the greatest anti-fungal properties against A.niger. Protozoa, Bacteria, other small micro-organisms other small micro-organisms Bacteria, other small micro-organisms

14. Comparison of anti-fungal properties of termites suspended in PBS of different pH values (against T. kanei) • What we can conclude from this graph: • Bacteria has greater anti-fungal properties against T. kanei as compared to protozoa. • Termites in PBS pH 7.3 has slightly greater anti-fungal properties against T. kanei as compared to termites in PBS pH 10. • Conclusion: Bacteria in the hemolymph has the greatest anti-fungal properties against T. kanei Bacteria, other small micro-organisms Protozoa, Bacteria, other small micro-organisms

15. Methodology: Summary

16. TEST ON AC SYSTEM Before (Control): Place a PDA plate in front of an air-conditioner for 15 min Switch on the air-conditioner to collect any spores Allow fungus to grow for three days.

17. Methodology: Summary

18. Methodology: Summary

19. TEST ON AC SYSTEM • Pour the extracted body fluids into a spray bottle • Switch off the air-conditioner. • Open the vents. • Spray 8 times (3 sprays uses up 0.5 ml) at 8 different points, spread out evenly between each spray. • Leave the treated air-conditioner off for 1 day to allow for reaction.

20. Methodology: Summary

21. Methodology: Summary

22. TEST ON AC SYSTEM • Place 8 PDA plates in front of the air-conditioner at respective locations for 15 minutes • Switch on the air-conditioner to collect the fungus • Allow fungus to grow for three days • Observe for reduction of mould growth at the end of the three days

23. Results Determining the main source of anti-fungal properties in termites

24. AC MOULD Frequently used air-con in SRC Before treatment After treatment

25. AC MOULD Rarely used air-con in SRC Before treatment After treatment

26. REFERENCES • Wong M.L.(2009) Air-conditioning can spread germs The Straits Times article, February 26. • Lankarge, V. (2003) What Every Home Owner Needs to Know about Mold and What to Do about It. Blacklick, OH, USA: McGraw-Hill Trade. p 14. • Yupaporn, S. (1996) Studies on Damage of Constructions Caused by Subterranean Termites and Its Control in Thailand. Bangkok: Forest Products Research Division, Royal Forest Department. • Bultman, D. and Southwell, C.R. (1976) Natural resistance of tropical American woods to terrestrial wood-destroying organism. Biotropica. V.8, p.71-95. • Scheffrahn, R. and Nan-Yao, S. (2000) Asian Subterranean Termite, Coptotermes gestroi. Document EENY-128, one of a series of Featured Creatures from the Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. • US Patent 5866317 (1999) Method for collecting hemolymph of insects • Chapman, R.F. (1998) The insects: structure and function, University of Cambridge, p.101 & 106 • Pasanen, A.L. et al. (1991) Laboratory studies on the relationship between fungal growth and atmospheric temperature and humidity. Environ Int 1991;17: 225–228. • Araújo, R.L. (1958) Contribuição à biogeografia dos térmitas de São Paulo, Brasil. Insecta – Isoptera. Arquivos do InstitutoBiológico de São Paulo 25: 185-217.