Analyze a primary source document. Describe how the Civil Rights movement

1. 769 - 773 • Analyze a primary source document. • Describe how the Civil Rights movement continued to develop during the later 1960s.

2. Quiz:

4. Primary Source Document: • “Autobiography of Malcolm X” • Read the document and make note of his main points (highlight). • Be prepared to discuss your answers.

5. Cities Under Stress: Urban Crisis! • Causes ? • Suburbs lured middle-class residents away from • the city, leaving lower income residents behind. • 1970 Baltimore, MD held 27% of states population, but 66% of the state’s welfare recipients; Boston 14% & 32%. • 2.5 million blacks moved into poor urban areas • called “Second Ghettos”. • Old infrastructure required higher taxes to • sustain – 1970 urban residents paid twice what • suburban residents paid in taxes.

6. Cities Under Stress: Urban Crisis! • Results ? • James Baldwin’s “The Fire Next Time” (1963). • The Watts Riot 8/11/1965 • 5 day riot sparked by the arrest of a black • motorist for drunk driving by white police • officers. • Watts frightened many Americans since it was • the first time that African-Americans instigated • a riot. • Discontent based on rising expectations in the black • community due to recent civil rights gains, yet • unemployment remained high in black communities • and police oftentimes treated blacks as criminals. • California Governor Ronald Reagan’s remarked that • those responsible for Watts were “lawbreakers and • mad dogs”… The Watts Riots

7. Cities Under Stress: Urban Crisis! • Results ? • Minority Separatism Grew 1. Black Power • Black Power is a term that emphasizes racial pride and the desire for African Americans to achieve equality without white support. • Popularized by SNCC leader Stokely Carmichael in 1966. • Many SNCC members were critical of leaders that articulated non-violent responses to racism. Stokely Carmichael

8. Cities Under Stress: Urban Crisis! • Results ? = Minority Separatism Grew 2. Nation Of Islam • The NOI wanted to combine Islam and radical separatism to create a second Black nation within the United States without White assistance. • Converted to Islam while serving a jail term for robbery, he believed that blacks must stop letting whites define black culture • He emphasized African cultural heritage and economic self-help. Malcolm X

9. Malcolm X • Born in Omaha Nebraska, Malcolm Little was the son of a Baptist preacher who urged Blacks to stand up for their rights. • His father was killed by White Supremacists in Michigan, in 1931. • Malcolm moved to Harlem where he became involved in gambling,drug dealing and was arrested at the age of 20 for armed robbery.

10. Malcolm X Speaks, 1965 • “Be peaceful, be courteous, obey the law, respect everyone; but if someone puts his hand on you, send him to the cemetery.” • “Nobody can give you freedom. Nobody can give youequality or justice or anything. If you're a man, you take it.” • “You can't separate peace from freedom because no one can be at peace unless he has his freedom.”

11. Cities Under Stress: Urban Crisis! • Results ? = Minority Separatism Grew 3. Black Panther Party • U.S. African American Militant group founded in 1966 by Huey P. Newton, Bobby Seale and Eldridge Cleaver. • Believed violent revolution was the only way to receive freedom. • Members shadowed police patrols and urged African Americans to arm themselves. • Also had a political program, however it fell apart after the conviction of Newton for killing a police officer.

12. The Violent Panthers • In the late 60’s party leaders became involved in violent confrontations with the police. • Huey Newton was tried in 1967 for killing a police officer. • Eldridge Cleaver fled the country. • Bobby Seale, was a member of the Chicago Eight-A group of eight people who disrupted the 1968 Democratic convention. Pamphlet

13. Cities Under Stress: Urban Crisis! • Results ? = Minority Separatism Grew 4. Brown Power • Demanded better wages and working • working conditions since farm workers • were not covered by the NLRA they did • not benefit from union recognition. • Led by Cesar Chavez who organized • the United Farm Workers “la huelga” • or strike/boycott against grape harvests.

14. Cities Under Stress: Urban Crisis! • Results ? = Minority Separatism Grew 5. Red Power • Native-Americans asserted their • demand for equality. • Seized abandoned Alcatraz Island to • show “RED POWER” (1969-1971) to • gain media coverage. • American Indian Movement (AIM) • was founded in 1968 in Minneapolis • to increase economic opportunity • and stop police mistreatment.

15. Suburban Independence • Baker v. Carr (1962) • Supreme Court ruled legislative seats must be reapportioned in order to show population shifts. • Legislative seats must represent “one person, one vote”. • Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education • Ruled cross-town bussing was an acceptable way to end “de facto” segregation. • Caused resentment among whites and was very expensive.