Primary Source Document A

1. Primary SourceDocument A • What kind of document is it? • Do SOAPS (very quickly) • Read for details: what has to happen as a result of this document?

2. Executive Order 9981 • In September 1946, Truman met with African-Americans leaders to find out what they wanted • They wanted: • 1. a federal anti-lynching law • 2. abolition of the poll tax • 3. establishment of a permanent commission to prevent racial discrimination in jobs • Congress would not pass these measures, so he did what he could do as President.

3. Executive Order 9981 • He desegregated the armed forces in 1948

4. The military since WWII

5. How would you like to be this guy?

6. Imperialism…Again • Southeast Asiaaka Indochina • What countries have established colonies in these countries? • What countries are they?

7. Meet Ho Chi Minh • Our principal enemy during the Vietnam War

8. Do You Remember “Self Determination”?

9. Ethnic/Language Boundaries

10. Map of Europe After WWI

11. The Treaty of Versailles • Petitioned to speak to at the Paris Peace Conference after World War I • Wanted “self-determination” for the Vietnamese • Was denied

12. World War II • What country kicks out the French and takes over Indochina?

13. Japanese Empire in 1942

14. Vietminh • Ho Chi Minh organized a group of Vietnamese nationalist guerrillas, who fought against the Japanese during World War II • Whose side were they on in World War II?

15. 1945: Anchor Date • What happened in 1945? • What country left Vietnam in 1945? Why? • What country returned to Vietnam in 1945? Why?

16. Ho Chi Minh as George Washington (and Thomas Jefferson) • Ho Chi Minh wrote a declaration of independence and proclaimed the independent Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Hanoi on September 2, 1945

17. Documment B:Declaration of Independence • What specific grievances (complaints) did the Vietnamese have against the French? • What did the Vietnamese pledge to do in their declaration?

18. Documment C: • What type of document is this? • SOAPS?

19. If you were Truman, who would you support (and why)? • The newly independent Vietnam? • The French? • What would be the consequences of your choice?

20. Ho Chi Minh • Led the Vietminh against the Japanese • Helped write the Declaration of Independence, 1945 • Led Vietminh against the French • Asked Truman for help against the French

21. Domino theory

22. Dien Bien Phu (1954) • A village and a battle • French (10,000 strong) (and supported monetarily by the U.S.) decisively defeated by the Vietminh

23. Dien Bien Phu (1954)

24. Geneva Conference (1954) • U.S., U.S.S.R., Great Britain, France and China met in Switzerland • Agreed to temporarily divide Vietnam in half • Viet Minh control the North • Emperor Bao Dai controls South • Promise nationwide elections to be held in July, 1956 determine the government and reunify the country

25. Map of Vietnam

26. Geneva Conference (1954) • The U.S. and South Vietnam refuse to abide by the convention and cancel the elections • Why did they cancel the elections? • Who do you think would have won?

27. Congratulations!By choosing the losing side (the French),here is what you have accomplished: • The Vietnamese see you as hypocrites because you say you believe in freedom, but you supported a colonial power (the French) over a colony seeking its independence (Vietnam). • The Vietnamese hate you because you paid for 78% of the cost of the French-Indochina war. French weapons paid for by American dollars = Vietnamese deaths

28. Congratulations!By choosing the losing side (the French),here is what you have accomplished: • In 1947, Ho Chi Minh was only flirting with communism, but you have now turned a friend into a full-blown communist by forcing him to get help from the only other world power that has resources to help him: the Soviet Union. • By canceling the election of 1956, you have proven to the world that you are hypocrites again. You say you believe in democracy, but you are not willing to let the Vietnam vote for their own leaders.

29. Is there anything else you could do to alienate the Vietnamese?

30. Ngo Dinh Diem • Leader of South Vietnam from 1955 to 1963 • Corrupt and unpopular • Catholic • Suppressed Buddhists • Supported by U.S.

31. ThichQuangDuc • June 11, 1963 • Self-immolation • Protest against Diem regime

32. Congratulations!By supporting Diem, you now have TWO enemies: • The North Vietnamese army under Ho Chi Minh who want both parts of Vietnam re-united and you gone. • A guerrilla group in the South (who have now changed their name from “Viet Minh” to “Viet Cong” to reflect the fact that they are now communist. They are also called the NLF (National Liberation Front). They are determined to liberate the South from Diem and the people who support him (namely, you).

33. Eisenhower and JFK • Eisenhower’s foreign policy involved massive build-up of nuclear weapons • MAD = mutual assured destruction • JFK wanted smaller, mobile units • “flexible response” • JFK use of special forces such as the Green Beret

34. The Green Berets • JFK sent the Green Berets to Vietnam for the purpose of training the South Vietnamese to resist the Viet Cong • Send 18,000 advisors • Authorized use of napalm and defoliants Motto: De OppressoLiber

35. The Green Berets

36. Ngo Dinh Diem • JFK inherited the situation in Vietnam from Eisenhower • Talked to CIA about how get Diem to step down • A group of South Vietnamese generals conspired to “remove” him from power • The CIA helped them

37. Diem Assassination(November 1, 1963)

38. Kennedy Assassination(November 22, 1963)

39. Where Things Stand in 1963 • Vietnam is divided into two: Ho Chi Minh is the leader of North Vietnam; a group of generals control South Vietnam • The U.S. has two enemies: North Vietnamese regulars and Viet Cong guerrillas in the South • The two enemies are being helped by the Soviet Union, so this is now part of the Cold War • The U.S. has “advisors” (Green Berets) in Vietnam, but no combat troops • JFK is dead and Lyndon Johnson is President • Total American deaths in Vietnam: 195

40. Vietnam,1959-1975