Art and Culture Nazi Germany

1. Art and Culture Nazi Germany www.educationforum.co.uk

2. Aims • The promotion of "Aryan" culture and the suppression of other forms of artistic production was yet another Nazi effort to "purify" Germany and spread Nazi propaganda • Art and culture were important vehicles for spreading the idea of the Peoples Community. • Art and culture became propaganda

3. Book Burning • In 1933, Nazi Minister for Popular Enlightenment and Propaganda Joseph Goebbels began the synchronization of culture, by which the arts were brought in line with Nazi goals. • The government purged cultural organizations of Jews and others alleged to be politically or artistically suspect. • The works of leading German writers such as Bertolt Brecht, Lion Feuchtwanger, and Alfred Kerr were consigned to flames in a book burning ceremony in Berlin.

4. Book burning by Nazi soldiers and university students, Germany, 1933

5. Nazification • Beginning in September 1933, a Reich Culture Chamber (composed of the Reich Film Chamber, Reich Music Chamber, Reich Theatre Chamber, Reich Press Chamber, Reich Writing Chamber, Reich Chamber for Fine Arts, and the Reich Radio Chamber) supervised and regulated all facets of German culture

6. Degenerate Art • Nazi aesthetics emphasized the propagandistic value of art and glorified the peasantry, the "Aryan," and the heroism of war. This ideology stood in stark contrast to modern, innovative art, such as abstract painting, denounced as "Degenerate Art," as well as "art bolshevism" and "culture bolshevism."

7. Architecture • In architecture, the Nazis constructed monumental edifices in a sterile classical form meant to convey the "greatness" of their political movement and the strength of ‘Aryans’

8. 1936 Olympic Stadium designed by the Nazis

9. Literature • In literature, they promoted the works of writers such as Adolf Bartels and Hitler Youth poet Hans Baumann, and established a "black list" to facilitate the removal of "unacceptable" books from public libraries. Aside from peasant literature and historical novels centering on the Volk (people), German cultural authorities promoted war novels in order to prepare the population for conflict

10. Film • German "art cultivation" (a term for all measures aimed at promoting artists and the arts) also extended to film. Heavily subsidized by the state, the motion picture industry was an important propaganda tool. Films such as Leni Riefenstahl's "Triumph of the Will" and "Der HitlerjungeQuex" glorified the Nazi party and the Hitler Youth. Other films, such as "Ichklage an," justified the Euthanasia Program, while "Jud Suess" and the "Der ewige Jude" (The Eternal Jew) perpetuated antisemitic stereotypes.

11. Music • In music, the Nazis promoted the works of German composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach, Ludwig van Beethoven, Anton Bruckner, and Richard Wagner, while banning performances of pieces by "non-Aryans" such as Felix Mendelssohn and Gustav Mahler. Adolf Hitler regularly attended the operas at the Bayreuth Festivals held in honor of the composer Richard Wagner. The Nazis disseminated nationalist songs and marches to encourage ideological indoctrination.

12. Scene from IchKlag an

13. Theatre • Theatre companies produced plays by great German writers such as Goethe and Schiller, as well as National Socialist dramas. To create a greater sense of the Volk or national community (Volksgemeinschaft), the Nazis ordered the construction of large outdoor amphitheatres.