DAEDALUS AND ICARUS

1. DAEDALUS AND ICARUS Ever since humans first saw birds soar through the sky, they have wanted to fly. The ancient Greeks and Romans pictured many of their gods with winged feet, and imagined mythological winged animals. According to the legend of Daedalus and Icarus, the father and son escaped prison by attaching wings made of wax and feathers to their bodies. Unfortunately, Icarus flew too near the sun, and the heat caused the wax and feathers to melt. The feathers fell off, and Icarus plummeted to the sea. Daedalus landed safely in Sicily.

2. HERO'S ENGINE Legendary characters used the power of mythology to fly through the heavens. About 100 AC a Greek inventor known as Heron "the Precursor" of Alexandria came up with a new invention that depended more on the mechanical interaction of heat and water. He invented a rocket-like device called an aeolipile. It used steam for propulsion. Hero mounted a sphere on top of a water kettle. A fire below the kettle turned the water into steam, and the gas traveled through the pipes to the sphere. Two L-shaped tubes on opposite sides of the sphere allowed the gas to escape, and in doing so gave a thrust to the sphere that caused it to rotate.

3. CHINESE SOLDIER LAUNCHES FIRE ARROW

4. CHINESE REPULSE MONGOLS In 1232 AD the Chinese used rockets against the Mongols who were besieging the city of Kai-fung-fu. An arrow with a tube of gunpowder produced an arrow of flying fire.

5. WAN HOO AND HIS SPACE VEHICLE According to one ancient legend, a Chinese official named Wan-Hoo attempted a flight to the moon using a large wicker chair to which were fastened 47 large rockets. Forty seven assistants, each armed with torches, rushed forward to light the fuses. In a moment there was a tremendous roar accompanied by billowing clouds of smoke. When the smoke cleared, the flying chair and Wan-Hu were gone.

6. TORPEDO ROCKET All through the 13th to the 15th Century there were reports of many rocket experiments. For example, Joanes de Fontana of Italy designed a surface-running rocket-powered torpedo for setting enemy ships on fire.

7. DRAWING OF STAGED ROCKET In 1650, a Polish artillery expert, Kazimierz Siemienowicz, published a series of drawings for a staged rocket.

8. INDIAN TROOPS ROUT BRITISH The English confrontation with Indian rockets came in 1780 at the Battle of Guntur. The closely massed, normally unflinching British troops broke and ran when the Indian Army laid down a rocket barrage in their midst.

9. CONGREVE'S INCENDIARY ROCKETS - 1806 William Congreve's incendiary rocket used black powder, an iron case, and a 16-foot guide stick. The British used Congreve rockets in 1806 to attack Napoleon's headquarters in France. In 1807, Congreve directed a rocket attack against Copenhagen; approximately 25,000 rockets were fired.

10. THE ROCKETS' RED GLARE Francis Scott Key coined the phrase the "rocket's red glare after the British fired Congreve rockets against the United States in the War of 1812. Congreve had used a 5 m guide-stick to help stabilize his rocket. William Hale, another British inventor, invented the stickless rocket in 1846. The U.S. army used the Hale rocket more than 100 years ago in the war with Mexico. Rockets were also used to a limited extent in the Civil War.

11. WRIGHT BROTHERS FLIGHT On December 17, 1903, two brothers from Dayton, Ohio, named Wilbur and Orville Wright, were successful in flying an airplane they built. Their powered aircraft flew for 12 seconds above the sand dunes of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, making them the first people to pilot a heavier-than-air machine that took off on its own power, remained under control, and sustained flight.

12. TSIOLKOVSKY ROCKET DESIGNS Tsiolkovsky, a Russian school teacher, published a report in 1903 that suggested the use of liquid propellants for rockets in order to achieve greater range. Tsiolkovsky stated that the speed and range of a rocket were limited by the exhaust velocity of escaping gases.

13. הודף – חומר להנעת טילים רקטיים הודף = דלק + מחמצן • הודפים מוצקים • הודפים נוזליים • הודפים למנועי כלאיים – שילוב של מוצק (על פי רוב הדלק) ונוזל (המחמצן) • הודפים במצב ג'ל (נוזל מוקרש)

14. הודפים מוצקים • הדלק והמחמצן הנם מעורבבים יחד ולאחר עיבוד מתקבלת תערובת מוצקה. • יתרונות: פשטות, עלות נמוכה, אמינות גבוהה, כוננות להפעלה מיידית. • חסרונות: אין כמעט אפשרות של בקרת הדחף לאחר ההדלקה, אין אפשרות של כיבוי והדלקה מחדש, ביצועים אנרגטיים נמוכים יחסית, סכנה בטיחותית בעת אחסון.

16. הודפים נוזליים • הדלק והמחמצן הנם בנפרד אחד מהשני הן בעת אחסון והן בעת פעולת המנוע. • יתרונות :ביצועים אנרגטיים גבוהים יחסית, יש אפשרות של בקרת הדחף כולל כיבוי והדלקה מחדש, סכנה בטיחותית בעת אחסון פחותה מזו של הודפים מוצקים. • חסרונות : מורכבות, עלות גבוהה, זמן ארוך להכנה לשיגור.

18. הודפים למנועי כלאיים • דלק פחמימני (פוליאתילן, פוליבוטדיין) בתצורה של גליל חלול. • מחמצן נוזלי (חמצן נוזלי, מי חמצן) אשר זורם בחלל הגליל.

19. הודפים במצב ג'ל • בעיקרון הם מתנהגים כמוצקים בעת האחסון וכנוזליים בעת פעולתם. • יתרונות: כל יתרונות ההודפים הנוזליים בתוספת של רמת בטיחות, ביצועים אנרגטיים וצפיפות אנרגיה. זאת בעיקר בגלל היכולת לשאת בחלקיקים מתכתיים. • חסרונות: כדומה לנוזליים וגם אין עדיין טכנולוגיה מפותחת.

20. GODDARD In 1926, Goddard launched the first liquid-fueled rocket and laid the foundation for a technology that would eventually take man to the moon and beyond. Fueled by liquid oxygen and gasoline, Robert Goddard's rocket flew for only 2.5 seconds, climbed 12.5 m, and landed 46 m away in a cabbage patch.

21. 1932 Rocket Motor Design In addition to Dr. Goddard's pioneer work, American experimentation in rocketry prior to World War II grew, primarily in technical societies. This is an early rocket motor designed and developed by the American Rocket Society in 1932.

22. OBERTH The foremost authority on rocketry was Dr. Hermann Oberth, a Hungarian-born German. In 1923, he published a book about rocket travel into outer space. Because of his important writings, many small rocket societies sprang up around the world. In the spring of 1930, a young Wernher von Braun assisted Oberth in his early experiments in testing a liquid-fueled rocket with about 7 kgf of thrust.

23. V-2 ROCKET At the Peenemuende Research Facility in Germany, the Germans, under the technical direction of Von Braun, developed the V-2 Rocket. The V-2 became one of the best known of all early missiles. By the end of World War II, the Germans had fired nearly 3,000 V-2 weapons against England and other targets.

24. V-2 ROCKET The V-2 rocket was small by comparison to today's rockets. The 14-m rocket could carry a 750 kg warhead 360 km. It achieved its great thrust by burning a mixture of liquid oxygen and alcohol at a rate of about one ton every seven seconds.

25. V-2 AT WHITE SANDS The German team of specialists was initially assigned to Fort Bliss Texas where they reassembled and tested V-2 rockets brought to America from Germany; later they came to Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama.

26. VON BRAUN IDEA FOR SPACE STATION In Huntsville, the German team, including an increasing number of American-born members, would develop plans for exploring space and would build the rockets that would serve as the foundation for the American space program for years to come.

27. U.S. ARMY REDSTONE Early on, the Huntsville team developed the Redstone rocket, also known as "Old Reliable" because of its many diverse missions. The Redstone was a high-accuracy, liquid-propelled, surface-to-surface missile. The Von Braun team developed and launched the first Redstone missile in August 1953.

28. SPUTNIK On October 4, 1957, the Russians launched Sputnik, the world's first artificial satellite.

29. LAIKA Laika was a space pioneer. The first ever living creature launched into space, Laika was carried into space on board the Russian satellite, Sputnik 2, on November 3rd, 1957, thirty days after the first successful satellite launch of Sputnik 1. Laika's spacecraft had no descent capsule, so she burned up along with the satellite as it returned to the Earth's atmosphere. To avoid suffering, she was put to sleep before re-entry.

30. JUPITER-C LAUNCH In January 1958, Jupiter-C lofted the first American satellite into orbit just 3 months after the Von Braun team received the go-ahead. The satellite payload was called Explorer I.

31. JUNO II Von Braun and his team were responsible for the Jupiter-C hardware. The family of launch vehicles, developed by the team, also came to include the Juno II used to launch the Pioneer IV satellite on March 3, 1959. Pioneer IV passed within 60,000 km of the moon before going into solar orbit.

32. THE FIRST PERSON IN SPACE: YURI GAGARIN (USSR) On April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first human to achieve spaceflight and orbit the Earth. His spacecraft, Vostok 1, circled Earth once in a flight that lasted 108 minutes. At the highest point, Gagarin was about 327 kilometers above Earth. 

33. MERCURY ASTRONAUTS The United States began Project Mercury. It was designed to place a manned space capsule in orbital flight around the Earth, investigate man's reaction to this new environment, and recover the capsule and the pilot safely.

34. FIRST AMERICAN ASTRONAUT In 1961, Marshall's Mercury vehicle boosted the America's first astronaut, Alan B. Shepard on a suborbital flight.

35. SATURN V LAUNCH The Marshall Center's first major program was development of the Saturn rockets. The Saturn V, first launched on November 8, 1967, was the most powerful member of the Saturn family producing as much power as 85 Hoover Dams.

36. FIRST MAN ON THE MOON The crowning achievement for the Saturn V rocket came when it launched Apollo 11 astronauts to the moon on July 20, 1969. Neil Armstrong was the first man that set foot on moon surface.

37. LUNAR ROVING VEHICLE The Saturn V provided the capability for Earth escape and Earth orbital missions for Apollo and later for Skylab. The Lunar Roving Vehicle was designed to transport astronauts and materials on the moon. A Lunar Roving Vehicle was used on each of the last three Apollo missions in 1971 and 1972 to permit the crew to travel several miles from the lunar landing site.

38. SKYLAB ILLUSTRATION On May 14, 1973, Skylab, America's first space station, was launched aboard a two-stage Saturn V vehicle and successfully placed in orbit . Saturn IB rockets were used to launch three different three-man crews to the Skylab space station.

39. APOLLO-SOYUZ Test Project The final launch of a Saturn rocket came on July 15, 1975, as part of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. Earlier that day, a Russian Soyuz spacecraft lifted off its launchpad at a Soviet launch site carrying three cosmonauts. Seven and one-half hours later, the U.S. Apollo spacecraft was launched with its crew of American astronauts. Rendezvous and docking of the two ships were accomplished on July 17. The two ships remained docked for 2 days, conducting joint experiments and exchanging national mementos.

40. SPACE SHUTTLE ILLUSTRATION The Apollo program demonstrated that men could travel into space, perform useful tasks there, and return safely to Earth. But space had to be more accessible. This lead to the development of the Space Shuttle.

41. SHUTTLE LAUNCH A new era in space flight began on April 12, 1981. That's when the first Space Shuttle mission was launched. The Marshall Space Flight Center developed the propulsion system for the Shuttle.

42. HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE The Shuttle also provides a new capability to repair or service spacecraft in orbit. For example, spacewalking astronauts successfully completed repairs and upgrades to the Hubble Space Telescope in 1993. Today, the telescope, developed by the Marshall Space Flight Center, is returning unprecedented views of the universe.

43. התרסקות המעבורת קולומביה האסון התרחש ב- 1.2.03, בגובה של 63 ק"מ, כ- 15 דקות לפני הנחיתה המתוכננת של המעבורת. סיבות ההתרסקות טרם ידועות.

44. התרסקות המעבורת קולומביה

45. התרסקות המעבורת קולומביה על המעבורת היו שבעה אסטרונאוטים אשר נספו.

46. התרסקות המעבורת קולומביה האסטרונאוט הישראלי הראשון, אל"מ אילן רמון ז"ל.

47. FRANCE – ARIANE-5 Ariane-5 launcher has a payload capability of 7,300 kg in a dual-payload mission to geostationary transfer orbit and 8,000 kg in a single -satellite launch.

48. FRANCE – ARIANE-5 Using a limited number of engines, Ariane 5 has an architecture that is both simple and robust. The vehicle consists of a 30-meter-tall main cryogenic core stage, two 30-meters-tall solid booster stages, and an upper stage.

49. RUSSIA - SOYUZ More than 1,670 missions have been performed by Soyuz launchers to orbit satellites for telecommunications, Earth observation, weather and scientific missions, as well as for manned flights. Soyuz offers payload lift capability of 4,100 kg to 5,500 kg into a 450-km circular orbit.

50. RUSSIA - BURAN The first and only orbital launch of the shuttle Buran was on November 15, 1988. The flight was unmanned and had no software installed. The vehicle was launched on the powerful Energiya booster into a 250 km orbit. The Buran orbited the Earth twice before firing its thrusters for reentry. The vehicle touched down at Tyuratum.