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ESS 303 – Biomechanics

ESS 303 – Biomechanics. Ankle and Foot. Tibiofibular Joint. Similar to radioulnar joint Superior tibiofibular joint Middle tibiofibular joint (interosseus membrane) Inferior tibiofibular joint Rotational movements not called pronation or supination. Ankle Joint.

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ESS 303 – Biomechanics

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  1. ESS 303 – Biomechanics Ankle and Foot

  2. Tibiofibular Joint • Similar to radioulnar joint • Superior tibiofibular joint • Middle tibiofibular joint (interosseus membrane) • Inferior tibiofibular joint • Rotational movements not called pronation or supination

  3. Ankle Joint • Distal tibia and fibula articulates with talus • Hinge joint – sagital plane • Flexion – dorsiflexion (about 20°) • Extension – plantarflexion or volar flexion (30-50°) • Some transverse plane (rotational) movement possible • 7° medial, 10 ° lateral • Some frontal plane (side-to-side tilt) movement possible • ≈ 5 ° frontal talar tilt

  4. Foot Positions • Subtalar or talocalcaneal joint • Inversion & eversion • Pronation = ankle dorsiflexion + subtalar (calcaneal) eversion + forefoot abduction (external rotation) • Supination = ankle plantarflexion + subtalar (calcaneal) inversion + forefoot adduction (internal rotation)

  5. Foot Positions

  6. Arches of the Foot

  7. Arches of the Foot

  8. Arch Positions • Normal • High arch: Pes cavus • Low arch (flat foot): Pes planus

  9. Ankle Joint Stability • Distal ends of tibia and fibula – like mortise (pinchers) of adjustable wrench • Tibia is weight bearing • Fibula is considered non-weight bearing – may hold up-to 10% of body weight • Multiple ligaments

  10. Ligaments and Sprains

  11. Ligaments and Sprains

  12. Return to Activity • Must have complete range of motion and at least 80-90% of pre-injury strength before return to sport • If full practice is tolerated w/out insult, athlete can return to competition • Must involve gradual progression of functional activities, slowly increasing stress on injured structure

  13. Movements & Major Muscles • Dorsiflexion: Tibialis anterior • Plantar flexion: Gastrocnemius & soleus • Inversion: Tibialis anterior, peroneus longus & peroneus brevis • Eversion: Peroneus tertius

  14. Biomechanics of Gate • Stance phase (60-65%) • Heel contact (heel strike or initial contact) • Foot flat (loading response) • Mid stance • Heel off (terminal stance) • Toe off • Swing phase (35-40%) • Toe off (acceleration or initial swing) • Mid swing • Heel contact (deceleration or terminal swing)

  15. Single Limb Weight Bearing • Pelvis forms a 1st class lever • Hip is fulcrum, resistance force is body weight, effort force is from abductors and adductors • Body is drawn over supporting leg by adductor muscles • Hip abductors of the support leg prevent the pelvis from dropping on the opposite (unsupported) side

  16. Knee Joint and Gate

  17. Knee Joint and Gate • Chimpanzee: medial and lateral condyle similar • Human: medial condyle larger than lateral condyle – allows COM to shift over foot

  18. Advantages/disadvantages to Bipedal Locomotion • Disadvantages • Loss of speed • Loss of agility • Advantages • Carry food • Carry tools • Increased ability to nurture/protect offspring • Enable to give birth more often

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