International Symposium on Road Pricing 2003 Evaluation of Singapore’s Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) System (1998 - pr

1. International Symposium on Road Pricing 2003 Evaluation of Singapore’s Electronic Road Pricing (ERP)System(1998 - present)A P G Menon MSI Global Pte Ltd

2. Singapore • Area 650 sq km • Road length 3800 km • Vehicles 705,000 • Car:population ratio 1 : 10 • Modal split (% age) 65:35 work trips 52:48 all trips • Veh speeds 25-30 kph city 45-60 kph expressways

3. Electronic Road Pricing • Aim is to charge vehicles for the use of the road at times and at places of congestion • For congestion management • Not for raising revenue • Every entry or pass under a control point is automatically charged a fee

4. Number of Control points

5. ERP Gantry at control point

6. Types of Invehicle Units (IU) • Colour-coded for different types of vehicles • Uses passenger car unit (pcu) for fixing charges • Car = 1 pcu, Motorcycle = 0.5 pcu, Truck = 1.5 pcu , Bus = 2 pcu

7. CashCards(for payment) • A pre-paid stored value ic chip card managed by a consortium of local banks • Top-up cash at Automated Teller Machines and petrol stations

8. ERP Control Centre • 24-hour monitoring of street equipment • Settlement of financial transactions with CashCard provider at end of each day • Processing of violations and errors

9. Simple Instructions for Motorists • At start of journey, insert CashCard into the IU (fixed permanently and powered by vehicle battery). This does a health check of IU and CashCard . • On going under the ERP gantries, the cash balance after ERP charge deduction is shown on IU display for 10 secs.

10. In-vehicle Unit How does ERP work? Local Controller Housing Central Computer System Comms. Controller AVID Controller 1st Antenna Controller ECS Site Controller Detector Controller 2nd Antenna Controller

11. Detector Controller In-vehicle Unit How does it work? Local Controller Housing Central Computer System Comms. Controller AVID Controller Antenna Controller ECS Site Controller Detector Controller Antenna Controller

12. How does it work? Local Controller Housing Central Computer System Comms. Controller AVID Controller Antenna Controller ECS Site Controller Detector Controller Antenna Controller

13. Choices offered by ERP • Pay and enjoy good ride • Change time to pay less/nothing • Change route to non-priced roads • Change mode • Change destination • Abandon trip

14. Business Model • Capital cost: S$197million (1998) • Annual Operating cost: S$16m • Annual Revenue: S$80m • Manpower: 30 staff for operations 35 dedicated staff for maintenance (US $1 = S $1.76)

15. Violations & Errors • Monthly ERP transactions 6 million • Daily Violations - 5 per 1,000 transactions • No IUs - Fine of S$70 • No CashCards - Administrative Charge of S$10 • Daily Errors - 5 per 10,000 transactions • No fines. Motorists asked to have IUs inspected and CashCards checked • A third are human errors

16. 45 kph 65 kph Expressways Decrease Increase Decrease Increase City&Other Roads 20 kph 30 kph Adjustment of ERP charges (in half-hour slots) • Balance between congestion and usage • Review charges at 3-monthly intervals • From 50 cents to S$3.00 per pass/entry

17. Motorist’s Issues • How reliable is technology? • IU not sufficiently user-friendly • Cap maximum ERP fee per day • Request for centralised monthly bills (instead of paying each time) • Exemption for motorcycles • Do not extend coverage of ERP • Tracking movements?

18. Ramifications • Better traffic flow with good speeds • A shift towards public transport • Motorcyclists affected more by price • Rush at pre- and post-ERP periods • Rush on non-priced alternative roads • Loitering ahead of ERP gantries at fee change-over times

19. Lessons • Sell road pricing as a part of a total transportation package • Use proven technology • Make it simple and publicise • Safeguards to prevent tracking • Logical method to change rates • Provide convenient alternatives • Make provisions for foreign vehicles • Road pricing is viable

20. Thank you