EDU 417 cognitive studies capstone Instructor: Colleen Lindecker April 24, 2014

1. Jeannie Denny EDU 417 cognitive studiescapstoneInstructor: Colleen LindeckerApril 24, 2014

2. Brain-Based Learning at Home • Development is a process that is heavily influenced by biology and environment. • The key to effective teaching involves supporting the mind-body connection that promotes higher learning (Fischer & Immordino-Yang, 2008). • The advantage of home-school is the ability to provide an environment that stimulates learning by optimizing brain function (Fischer & Immordino-Yang, 2008).

3. The Mind/Body Connection • An automotive engine needs spark and fuel to run all of the mechanisms of a car and similarly, the human brain functions through electrical and chemical reactions (Wolfe, 2010). • Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that involve body and brain function (Wolfe, 2010). • Neurotransmitters allow neurons to communicate and support survival through basic functions (eating, drinking, sleeping) as well as brain functions like attention and memory(Wolfe, 2010)(Jensen, 2008). • Nearly all neurotransmitters come from the amino acids in the foods we eat Jensen, 2008).

4. Chemical Messengers • Dopamine:Involved in conscious motor activity, pleasure feelings, and has an impact on memory(Wolfe, 2010)(Jensen, 2008). • Serotonin:Involved in sleep, appetite, & memory the “feel-good” neurotransmitter (Wolfe, 2010). • Acetylcholine:Enhances REM sleep, involves memory circuits, & long-term memory formation (Wolfe, 2010) Increased levels connected with better recall(Jensen, 2008).

5. The Educational Connection An environment conducive to meaningful learning would promote the natural increase of neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, and Acetylcholine (which enhance mood and memory functions) creating an educational experience that is successful and rewarding (Jensen, 2008). A focus on factors such as: movement, sleep, nutrition, and technology can support this kind of positive learning environment.

6. Pumping Neurons • Some schools are decreasing time spent in recess and gym class to increase instruction time for core curriculum. • Multiple studies show that physical activity supports academic performance (Castelli, 2007) • Physical activity stimulates neural growth, particularly in the hippocampus (where information is stored, consolidated, and retrieved) • Repetitive gross motor movementstimulates dopamine (enhancing mood) (Wolfe, 2010) • Kids educated at home can have plenty of time to: Dancebetween subjects Play catch with math facts Role play history & literature Jumping jack breaks Stand during table work or use balance ball PLAY!!!!

7. Sleep: the brains clean sweep • Neuroscientists believe that sleep plays a vital role in brain function. • The brain is at work, rearranging circuits, cleaning out mental “debris”, processing emotional and intellectual events of the day (Wolfe, 2010)(Jensen, 2008) • Learning and memory are consolidated (moving information to long-term memory)(Wolfe, 2010). • Children ages 5-10 need 12 hours of sleep, while adolescents need about 9½(Wolfe, 2010). Home-school advantages: • Hours are flexible to allow for adequate sleep • Naptimes are possible for younger children • Increased physical activity will promote better sleep patterns • Earlier bed times due to lighter evening schedule (no homework)

8. Food For Thought • Research has shown a link between a healthy breakfast and academic performance (Wolfe, 2010). • Studies also suggest vitaminsupplements increase visualacuity, memory, and reactiontime(Jensen, 2008). • VitaminsA, C, E, B, folic acid, lecithin, and magnesium have a direct influence on memory, attention, alertness, & organization(Jensen, 2008). Children educated at home can be monitored for dietary needs, and balancedmeals & snacks can be easily provided with the flexibility of schedule. Meals and snacks that include protein and complex carbs will promote production of neurotransmitters for healthy brain function (Jensen, 2008).

9. Technology • There is still some debate on the effect of television and video games on the brain, however some studies indicate that both can be positive if there is attention to content, age, and amount of exposure(Wolfe, 2010). • Well designed video games and educational television programs can promote higher level thinking skills and support learning (Wolfe, 2010) • Educationalvideo games can increase motivation and interest, as well as, improve motor skills, problem solving, and reaction time (Mifsud, 2013). Educational technology like DVD’s and video games can be easily monitored for use in home school and can provide interest and motivation, as well as, opportunities for enhanced learning.

10. Wrapping it up… A child’s developing brain is designed for learning and can absorb tremendous amounts of knowledge, given the right kind of environment with resources that support healthy brain function. Whether at public school or in a home school setting, children need healthy influences like activity, rest, nutrition, and innovations that will allow the brain to learn and retain successfully.

11. Resources • Castelli, D. M., & Hillman, C. H. (2007). Physical education performance outcomes and cognitive function. Strategies, 21(1), 26-30. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/214547161?accountid=32521 • Fischer, K. W., Immordino-Yang, M.H., &, (2008). The jossey-bass reader on the brain and learning. (1st ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. • Jensen, E. (2008). Brain-Based Learning, the New Paradigm of Teaching, 2nd Edition. Corwin Press:Thousand Oaks, Ca • Mifsud, C. L., Vella, R., & Camilleri, L. (2013). Attitudes towards and effects of the use of video games in classroom learning with specific reference to literacy attainment. Research In Education, (90), 32-52. doi:10.7227/RIE.90.1.3 • Wolfe, P. (2010). Brain Matters: Translating research into classroom practice. (2nd ed.). Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development.