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Objective- Biology EOC Review

Explore the 4 vital organic molecules - Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids - and delve into cell structure and function. Learn about DNA replication, genetic mutations, mitosis, meiosis, and more in Biology.

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Objective- Biology EOC Review

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  1. Catalyst- What are the 4 big organic molecules of life? Hw- All week keep up with EOC Review Packet/ Corresponding Parts. Objective- Biology EOC Review Courtesy of Mr. S. Russillo

  2. Organic Compounds • All living things are made of organic compounds. • Contain the element Carbon • Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids

  3. Carbohydrates • Monomer- monosaccharide • Function- energy source and structure • Tests: glucose-Benedicts starch- Iodine fructose • Ex. Cellulose, glycogen, starch

  4. Lipids • Made of fatty acids and glycerol • Function- energy storage and insulation • Tests: brown paper test • Examples: fats and steroids Lipid vs. water

  5. Nucleic Acids • Monomer- nucleotide • Function- carry genetic information • Ex. DNA and RNA

  6. Proteins • Monomer- amino acids • Function- building and repairing cells, communication, transport, and regulation • Tests- Biurets • Examples: enzymes, hemoglobin

  7. Enzymes • Catalysts in living things • Specific to a particular substrate • Reusable • Affected by temperature and pH

  8. Prokaryotes Simple, no membrane bound organelles Bacteria only One circular chromosome Includes: chromosome, ribosomes, and plasma membrane Eukaryotes Membrane bound organelles Plants and Animals True nucleus containing chromosomes Cells

  9. Nucleus • “Control Center” • Contains chromosomes

  10. “Powerhouse” of the cell Produces energy in the form of ATP Site of Aerobic respiration MitochondriaSingular: Mitochondrion

  11. Site of photosynthesis Plant cells ONLY Contains the pigment chlorophyll Chloroplast

  12. Vacuole • Storage of excess materials • Plant cells usually contain one large vacuole

  13. Ribosomes • Proteins are synthesized • Found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

  14. Surrounds the cell Regulates what enters/leaves the cell Helps maintain homeostasis Made of phospholipids with embedded proteins Plasma Membraneaka: Cell Membrane

  15. Cell Wall • Plant cells ONLY • Surrounds cell and provides support and protection. • Made of cellulose

  16. Eukaryotes Plant Animal • Cell wall • Chloroplast • Large central vacuole

  17. Cell Organization Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Individual organism

  18. cells develop to perform different functions Regulated by genes Cell Specialization

  19. Chemical Signals (hormones) can be sent from one cell to another Receptor proteins on the plasma membrane receive the signal Cell to Cell Communication

  20. DNA / RNA • Carry genetic information • Made of a chain of nucleotides • Nucleotides contain a sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base

  21. DNA Double stranded “Double Helix” Four base pairs: ATGC Sugar is Deoxyribose Found in nucleus RNA Single stranded Four base pairs: AUCG Sugar is Ribose DNA / RNA

  22. Base Pair Rule • In DNA, Adenine always pairs with Thymine, and Guanine always pairs with Cytosine

  23. Replication • Making of an identical strand of DNA • “semi” conservative

  24. Central Dogma DNA  RNA  protein  trait

  25. DNAmRNA Occurs in nucleus Complementary mRNA strand is produced from a segment of DNA Transcription

  26. Translation • Connects amino acids in the correct order to make a protein • Occurs in the cytoplasm within the ribosomes A- amino acid B- tRNA C- anticodon D- codon E- mRNA F- Ribosome G-polypeptide

  27. Codon • Sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that code for an amino acid

  28. Mutations • Change in DNA code • May cause a change in protein produced • NOT always harmful Sickle Cell Mutation

  29. Cell division Produces two identical diploid daughter cells Occurs in body cells to grow and repair Mitosis

  30. Cancer • Error in cell growth with causes uncontrolled cell growth • Has environment and genetic variables

  31. Cell division Produces four different haploid daughter cells (gametes) Occurs in sex cells to form gametes Meiosis

  32. Homologous chromosomes exchange parts of their DNA Creates variation in gametes Crossing Over

  33. Nondisjunction • Homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis • Can lead to Down Syndrome, Turners Syndrome, and Klinefelters Syndrome

  34. Asexual One parent Identical offspring Variation only thru mutations Examples: budding, fragmentation, fission Sexual Two parents Offspring different from parents More variation Fertilization (fusion of gametes) Asexual vs. SexualReproduction

  35. Human Genome Project • Sequencing of human DNA • Being used to develop gene therapies

  36. Gel Electrophoresis • Technique used to separate molecules (DNA or proteins) based on their size • Sometimes called a DNA fingerprint • Used to analyze and compare DNA

  37. Recombinant DNA • Cell with DNA from another source • Bacteria used to produce human insulin • Human gene inserted into bacterial plasmid

  38. Transgenic Organism • An organism with a gene from another source • used to improve food supply, research, and healthcare

  39. Clone • An organism made from one cell of another organism • A genetically identical copy

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