Decline of the Ottoman Empire

1. Decline of the Ottoman Empire From Empire to Nation The Rise of Modern Turkey

2. Look at the map on pg. 677 of the textbook. • What are some of the areas the Ottomans had lost by 1914? • Who was their biggest rival in the region? Why might Europeans have wanted Ottomans to retain some power?

3. http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072957549/student_view0/chapter32/interactive_map_quiz.htmlhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072957549/student_view0/chapter32/interactive_map_quiz.html

4. Ottoman Empire from Late 18th Century to World War I

5. Challenges facing Ottoman Empire in 1800’s • With your table group, split up the problems and then jigsaw the information • Overall, how do these threats compare to those faced by the Qing?

6. Innovation vs. Tradition • Arguments for change and emulation of European ideas VS. • Arguments for reform based on early Ottoman period ** Elite groups, including janissaries, protested any change

7. Sultan Selim III (1789-1807) • Attempted reforms focused on political restructuring and development of army and navy • Janissary corps perceived a threat, leading to the Janissary revolt in 1807 • Revolt led to the death of Selim III and end of his reforms

8. Mahmud II (1807 – 1839) • Secretly built a professional army and incited a Janissary mutiny • Janissary mob led to the army slaughter of Janissaries, families and allies (1826) • Used loss of Greece as a reason to act

9. 1829 Greek Independence

10. Tanzimat Reforms 1839 - 1867 • Based on Western example • Ambassadors to Europe • European military advisors • University education – European focus • State run post and telegraph • Newspapers in urban areas • Legal reforms based on European precedent • Increased freedoms for minority groups

11. Impact of Reforms • Artisans lost economic power as foreign trade increased with removal of import taxes • Women did not gain any status during this period, although ideas about educating women, and ending the practices of female seclusion, polygamy and veiling circulated

12. Crimean War 1853 • Britain and France wanted to prevent the collapse of the Ottoman Turk empire, which was under attack from Russia. • Goal was to prevent Russian naval access to Black Sea and Eastern Mediterranean.

14. Power of the Sultan • With Western reforms and education, many within the empire questioned the sultan’s role • New elites wanted to eliminate the old order (the sultan, the ulama, and the ayan) * Response was an attempted return to despotic absolutism by Sultan Abdul Hamid

15. Abdul Hamid (1878 – 1908) • Eliminated power of the constitution • Restricted civil liberties & freedom of press • Deprived westernized elite of power • Dissidents were imprisoned and killed • HOWEVER, continued Western military, railway, education and legal reforms.

16. Ottoman Society for Union and Progress (Young Turks) • Turkish intellectuals that opposed Hamid’s absolute rule joined together • Determined to go back to the Tanzimat reforms and modernize the Ottoman Empire • 1908 coup – took away the legitimate power of the sultan and reduced him to a figurehead (highest religious authority in Islam) • Wanted to base society on Turkish nationalism as opposed to Islam

17. Holding on until 1914 • Young Turks struggled for power within the ranks – leading to disarray by 1914 (WWI) • Military victories and strategy of pitting European powers against each other kept the Ottoman Empire alive

18. Struggling, but surviving • European powers helped support parts of the empire in fear that other European rivals would gain control • Ex: British did not want Russians to gain Istanbul so they supported Ottomans • Internal reform initiatives strengthened the empire for the short term • Political and social tensions increased