Chapter 13 Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems

1. Chapter 13Artificial Intelligence andExpert Systems Management Information Systems, 4th Edition

2. Learning Objectives • List the basic concepts of artificial intelligence • Give examples of how artificial intelligence technologies have been used in business and other fields • Explain expertise, the purpose of expert systems in business and other professional domains, and why expert systems are so helpful in solving unstructured problems • Articulate the challenges involved in garnering knowledge for the construction of knowledge bases • Explain the concept of knowledge engineering Management Information Systems, 4th Edition

3. Artificial Intelligencein Business Management Information Systems, 4th Edition

4. Artificial Intelligencein Business (Cont.) • Artificial Intelligence • Attempt to emulate the human mind in machines • Robotics • Robots used to replace human laborers • Artificial Vision • Allows robots that move in space sense obstacles • Used in machines for sorting and identification Management Information Systems, 4th Edition

5. Artificial Intelligencein Business (Cont.) • Natural Language Processing • Programs that recognize human commands • Expert Systems • Programs that simulate human expertise • Neural Networks • Programs built to solve problems while learning and refining their knowledge Management Information Systems, 4th Edition

6. Artificial Intelligencein Business (Cont.) Management Information Systems, 4th Edition

7. Artificial Intelligencein Business (Cont.) • Fuzzy Logic • Based on rules that have no discrete boundaries • More closely mimics human problem solving • Used in appliances, locomotives, managerial decision making Management Information Systems, 4th Edition

8. Artificial Intelligencein Business (Cont.) Management Information Systems, 4th Edition

9. Artificial Intelligencein Business (Cont.) Management Information Systems, 4th Edition

10. Artificial Intelligencein Business (Cont.) • Genetic Algorithms • Mathematical functions that use Darwinian principals to improve an application • Intelligent Agents • Automatically wade through massive amounts of data to select and deliver the most suitable information Management Information Systems, 4th Edition

11. Artificial Intelligencein Business (Cont.) Management Information Systems, 4th Edition

12. Contribution ofExpert Systems • Planning • Decision making • Monitoring • Diagnosis • Training Management Information Systems, 4th Edition

13. Contribution ofExpert Systems (Cont.) • Incidental learning • Replication of expertise • Timely response • Consistent solutions Management Information Systems, 4th Edition

14. Development ofExpert Systems • What is Expertise? • Skill and knowledge whose input into a process results in performance high above the norm • Components of Expert Systems • The interface or dialog • The knowledge base • The interface engine Management Information Systems, 4th Edition

15. Development ofExpert Systems (Cont.) Management Information Systems, 4th Edition

16. Construction of Expert Systems • IF-THEN Rules • Most popular method of knowledge representation • Also called production rules • Systems hold facts in the form of IF-THEN statements Management Information Systems, 4th Edition

17. Construction of Expert Systems (Cont.) Management Information Systems, 4th Edition

18. Construction of Expert Systems (Cont.) • Knowledge Engineering • Asking experts appropriate questions and translating into a knowledge base • Some ESs take years • Knowledge engineer: programmer who specializes in developing ESs Management Information Systems, 4th Edition

19. Construction of Expert Systems (Cont.) • Expert System Shells • Expert System that has been emptied of its knowledge • Used to build new ES • Forward Chaining • Result-driven process • Backward Chaining • Goal-driven process Management Information Systems, 4th Edition

20. Construction of Expert Systems (Cont.) Management Information Systems, 4th Edition

21. Factors Justifying the Acquisition of Expert Systems Management Information Systems, 4th Edition

22. Expert Systems in Action • Medical management • Telephone network maintenance • Credit evaluation • Tax planning • Detection of insider securities trading • Detection of common metals Management Information Systems, 4th Edition

23. Expert Systems in Action (Cont.) • Mineral exploration • Irrigation and pest management • Diagnosis and prediction of mechanical failure • Class selection for students Management Information Systems, 4th Edition

24. Limitations of Expert Systems • Three limitations of ESs: • Can handle only narrow domains • Do not possess common sense • Have a limited ability to learn Management Information Systems, 4th Edition

25. Ethical and Societal IssuesToo Sophisticated Technology • Increasing dependence on machine intelligence raises legal and ethical issues. • Who is legally responsible for advice provided by a program? • Is expert judgment needed to interpret program output? • Does machine expertise replace or complement the ‘real thing’? • How do we know if the experts behind expert systems are expert at all? Management Information Systems, 4th Edition

26. Ethical and Societal IssuesToo Sophisticated Technology • Malfunctions of an ES can be caused by anyone involved in the development • Experts who contribute knowledge • Knowledge engineer who builds the system • Professional who uses the ES • The person who is affected by the decision Management Information Systems, 4th Edition

27. Summary • Artificial intelligence has some basic concepts • Artificial intelligence is used in business and other fields • Expert systems are helpful in solving unstructured problems • Knowledge gathering is important for knowledge bases Management Information Systems, 4th Edition