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Euroscepticism in the Clash of Ideologies of Second Modern

Prof. dr. Anđelko Milardović. Euroscepticism in the Clash of Ideologies of Second Modern. PSRC Forum “Euroscepticism and European Integration” Zagreb, April 12-13 2007. I. The term of euroscepticism. Firstly used in 1986, “Time”; Margaret Tatcher. Topics: Integration S overeignty

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Euroscepticism in the Clash of Ideologies of Second Modern

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  1. Prof. dr. Anđelko Milardović Euroscepticism in the Clash of Ideologies of Second Modern PSRC Forum “Euroscepticism and European Integration” Zagreb, April 12-13 2007

  2. I. The term of euroscepticism • Firstly used in 1986, “Time”; Margaret Tatcher • Topics: • Integration • Sovereignty • Nation state • Identity • Neoliberalism • Globalization • Euro-federation • Superstate • Democracy • Bureaucratism

  3. E U R O S C E P T I C I S M Neoliberal Right Neoconservative Right Radical Left Populist radical Right - For nation-state and sovereignity - For preserving national and cultural identity - For Christian values in EU constitution - Against lower level of democracy Type: soft - Defence of Welfare state - Against globalization and neoliberalism Types: soft (left radical socialists) hard (eurocommunists) - Against excessive regulations - For free market - For confederation - Against EU federation - Against integration - For nation-state - Against EU federation - For Europe of homelands - Against globalization - Against immigrants and multiculturalism Type: hard radical II. Euroscepticism placed on the ideological continuum of Second Modern

  4. III. Conflict lines that generate euroscepticism • Minimal vs. maximal EU integration • Transfered sovereignty vs. full sovereignty • Nation state vs. globalization and denationalization • National identity vs. multicultural identity • Welfare state vs. market fundamentalism • Confederation vs. federation and superstate • Euro vs. national currency • Winners vs. losers of transition and globalization • Europe of work vs. Europe of capital • Globalization vs. anti-globalization • Modernization vs. anti-modernization • Secular society vs. Church • Secular fundamentalism vs. religious fundamentalism • Scepticism vs. dogmatism • Democracy vs. bureaucracy • Centre vs. periphery • Americanization of EU vs. anti-americanization

  5. IV. Acters of euroscepticism (1) • Political Parties For example: IND/DEM (Independence/Democracy Group in the European Parliament) Programme: • Rejection of the European Constitution • No to a European superstate • Respect for traditional and cultural values • Democracy, freedom and co-operation between sovereign states • Respect for national differences and interests: Freedom of votes

  6. IV. Acters of euroscepticism (2) • Transnational civil society (initiatives, campaignes, movements..) • For democracy, against federalization and bureaucratization of EU For example:

  7. IV. Acters of euroscepticism (3) • Religious groups • Reaction on secular character of proposed EU Constitution

  8. V. Types of euroscepticism • Soft euroscepticism “EU is a project of krupnog capital, not some daydreamers of European integration, nor prosvjetitelja and encyclopedists.” (http://forum.hrt.hr) • Hard euroscepticism “European community is delusion. On one side, national societies are stable and ordered, but on the other side, relation between states are very primitive. For example, affair with Italy. Or British people - they do what thay want. Franchmen, too. For us (Croatia op.a.) is best to remain in the stage of pre- accession negotiations for the next 20-30 years, till we recover from war. EU may disintegrate meanwhile.” ( http://tportal.hr/vijesti/ue/page/2007/02/19/0355006.html)

  9. VI. Geopolitics of euroscepticism • Key countries with developed euroscepticism: • United Kingdom • Sweden • Denmark • Finland • German cantons in Switzerland • Netherlands • France • Greece • Poland • Czech Republic

  10. VII. Euroscepticism in Croatia (1) • Characteristics: • By nature: • Specific for certain topics in Croatia • Compatible with topics in EU countries • By type: • Soft • Hard • By origin • Nationalism as a political ideology • By expression • Fear of loosing sovereignty • Fear of loosing identity • Fear of neoliberalism and market fundamentalism • Fear of globalization and denationalization • Globophobia

  11. E U R O S C E P T I C I S M Conservative Right Radical Left Populist radical Right - Defence of Welfare state - Against globalization and neoliberalism Type: soft - For nation-state and sovereignity - For preserving national and cultural identity - For Christian values in EU constitution - Against lower level of democracy Type: soft - Against integration - For nation-state - Against EU federation - For Europe of homelands - Against globalization - Against immigrants and multiculturalism Type: hard radical VII. Euroscepticism in Croatia (2) • Ideological continuum

  12. VII. Euroscepticism in Croatia (3) • Parliament parties • Radical left and radical right political parties • Religious groups • Broader public and media

  13. December 2004 VII. Euroscepticism in Croatia (4) • Public opinion about the accession of Croatia to the EU Source: Gfk, Public Opinion Survey, sample 1000 interviewees, December, 3-16 2004

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