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Lecture 14

Lecture 14. Insects and Disease. Now playing: Ladysmith Black Mombasa “Ungoyani Into Enhle (Destroy not this Beauty)”. Goals:. Define: vector, parasite, myiasis, envemonization, plague, and epidemic

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Lecture 14

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  1. Lecture 14 Insects and Disease Now playing: Ladysmith Black Mombasa “Ungoyani Into Enhle (Destroy not this Beauty)”

  2. Goals: • Define: vector, parasite, myiasis, envemonization, plague, and epidemic • Know the effects of arthropods on humans and other animals Assignment: Websites: http://www.geocities.com/HotSprings/Spa/6772/michigan-index.html http://www.astdhpphe.org/infect/ http://www.fairharbor.com/fhca_mosq_eee.htm http://www.medscape.com/SCP/IIM/public/columns/index-BugVectors.html http://www.ento.vt.edu/Courses/Undergraduate/IHS/oncampus/html_files/Disease.html http://www.ento.vt.edu/Courses/Undergraduate/IHS/oncampus/html_files/Disease2.html/Disease2.html http://www.isis.vt.edu/~fanjun/text/Link_pest9.html http://www.ento.vt.edu/Courses/Undergraduate/IHS/oncampus/html_files/History.html http://www.wenet.net/~fredarfa/trematod.htm http://www.biohaven.com/dengue.htm http://new.health-center.com/db/PageReq?SessionID=899&TopicID=365&PageID=1059&Action=view http://www.msue.msu.edu/msue/imp/modc1/06079607.html http://www.cdfound.to.it/html/atlas.htm#atlas http://www.mednets.com/Lyme.htm http://www.public-health.uiowa.edu/fuortes/63111/ARTHROP/index.htm http://www.public-health.uiowa.edu/fuortes/63260/PLAGUELE/index.htm http://www.public-health.uiowa.edu/fuortes/63111/Trypanosomiasis/index.htm http://www.public-health.uiowa.edu/fuortes/63260/malaria1/index.htm

  3. Where Have we Come From? Where are we Going? • What is Science? • Theory of Life: • Organization • Organismal • Theory of Inheritance • Theory of Evolution • Germ Theory of Disease • Arthropods • Environment & Ecology • Biological Sustainability • Food Security • Your Future & Biology? 497 Cases of Human West Nile Virus  in Michigan; 41 Total Deaths…

  4. I. Introduction The 12 basic ways in which arthropods affect the health and well-being of man and animals... Tsetse fly

  5. 1. Annoyance - Buzzing flies or feeding mosquitoes. 2. Envenomization - toxemia - Stinging of Wasps or Biting of Spiders Brown recluse wound two years after the bite 3. Mechanical pain from bites. 4. Blood loss or Weight Loss, Reduction in egg, milk production 5. Myiasis and mechanical pain associated with larval invasion of, and establishment in tissues 6. Accidental injury to sense organs

  6. 7. Dermatosis -- dermatitis 8. Allergy and related conditions 9. Vectoring or parasites causing such diseases as plague, malaria, yellow fever, and encephalitis 10. Causing paralysis of animals & humans--as in tick paralysis 11. Gadding, running , or milling of animals caused by insect-induced fright or extreme annoyance

  7. 12. Entomophobia--fear of insects or arthropods or imagined infestation

  8. B. Biting Arthropods 1. Mosquitoes (Family Culicidae)-- Several species of mosquitoes bite man and animals in Michigan. Some species develop in pools while others develop in ponds and marshes. Occur during the spring and summer in Michigan.

  9. Life Cycle of Insects • Metamorphosis • Complete • Egg (1 stage) • Larva (many stages) • Pupa (1 stage) • Adult (1 stage) • Incomplete • Egg (1 stage) • Nymph (many stages) • Adult (1 stage)

  10. II. Arthropods as Transmitters of Infectious Agents of Disease A. Leishmania spp. (sand fly vector) B. Trypanosoma spp. (human sleeping sickness): Tsetse Fly and Assassin Bug vector C. Plasmodium spp (malaria)– mosquitoes vector A. Pathogenic Agent 1. Protozoa

  11. Invasive Species: Tiger Mosquito Mating • Introduced into MI • Transmits Encephalitis • Came from Asia • Product of travel & trade… • Will you be able to identify this species? Female Male Human arm feeding the mosquito…the price of science.

  12. www.theatlantic.com/trans.atl/issue/97/malaria.htm

  13. Plasmodium life cycle Malaria

  14. 2. Helminths - Worms 60 ft from head to tail Fluke A. Trematodes and Cestodes (a.k.a. flukes and tapeworms) -- arthropods may serve as intermediate hosts for these parasites

  15. After ingestion cyticercoids released from beetle, then shed tails and evaginate Scolex attaches to intestinal wall, develops into adult cestode Definitive hosts: humans or rodents Gravid proglottid released and eggs released in feces Oncospheres develop into cysticercoid in lymphatics of villus Eggs swallowed by definitive host, hatch in duodenum, and oncospheres penetrate the instinal villi Direct reinfection (without intermediate host) Egg Life Cycle of Vanpirolepis spp. Optional intermediate host (larval and adult beetles) Tailed cysticercoids develop in hemocoel Eggs swalloed by beetle hatch in intestine

  16. 2. Helminths - worms Elephantiasis Filarisis world distribution B. Nematodes -- I. Filariasis and Elephantiasis--Filarial worms transmitted by mosquitoes

  17. II. Onchocerciasis (river blindness)-- Filarial worms transmitted by Black Fly

  18. B. Biting Arthropods Bite mark 2. Black Flies (Family Simuliidae)-- Immatures occur in clear streams with high oxygen concentration, and the adults emerge during late May and June– both Upper and Lower Peninsulas.

  19. III. Heart Worm--Filarial Worm Transmitted by mosquitoes

  20. 3. Viruses A. Yellow Fever--Transmitted by mosquito

  21. 3. Viruses B. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever-- Transmitted by mosquito

  22. C. Encephalitides-- (Eastern Encephalitides, St. Louis , and Western Encephalitides) transmitted by mosquito

  23. III. Arthropods and Diseases of Major Importance to Michigan A. Diseases 1. Eastern Equine Encephalitis-- enzotic setting: hardwood swamps • Mosquito vector, Culiseta melanura • Mosquito passes virus among swamp- dwelling birds

  24. pathogenic in both mosquitoes and birds • virus sometimes leaves swamp setting and is transmitted to horses, game birds (penned pheasants), and people • highly pathogenic in these “dead-end” hosts • outbreaks occurred in the early 1940’s, 1973, 1980-83, 1989, 1991-8, 2001 • most serious mosquito borne disease in Michigan

  25. Virus found in Africa, West Asia, Middle East. • Imported in USA in the summer of 1999.

  26. HOSTS • - Most cases with no symptoms • or mild flu like symptoms • Inflammation of brain (encephalitis) • 3242 cases and 176 deaths by • October 21, 2002. • - Survival • - Without symptoms but infected • Neurologic disease • Limb incoordination • Death

  27. HORSE CASES AVIAN CASES Updated 10/28/2002  342 West Nile Virus Horse cases to date

  28. 30% exhibit any noticeable symptoms • Less than 1% of these cases become life-threatening • Most people have mild, flu-like symptoms, or no symptoms at all. • Most susceptible are the elderly and those with compromised immune systems. • West Nile Virus is not transmissible from person to person. HUMAN CASES Updated 11/08/2004 2:00 PM 497 Cases of Human West Nile Virus in Michigan 41 Total Deaths in Michigan

  29. Michigan WNV Cases Updated 11/08/2004 2:00 PM

  30. How Control? Eliminate exposure Insecticides VECTOR MANAGEMENT Eliminate Standing water Vaccine development

  31. 4. Rickettsia A. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Colorado Tick Fever Transmitted by Tick

  32. 4. Rickettsia B. Epidemic Typhus-- Transmitted by the Louse

  33. 5. Bacteria Western Reservoir Eastern Reservoir A. Plague (Yersinia pestis)-- Transmitted by the flea from rodent to rodent then man to man…

  34. Plague distribution

  35. B. Tularemia-- Transmitted by ticks, deer flies to man. Direct inoculation from skinning Rabbits…

  36. B. Biting Arthropods 3. Stable Flies (Family Muscidae)-- spoiled feed or hay mixed with wastes from horses and other livestock on farms or in stables. Upper Peninsula of Michigan, particularly Porcupine Mountains and along Lake Superior beaches.

  37. B. Biting Arthropods 4. Deer and Horse Flies (Family Tabanidae)-- swamps and marshes, along stream banks and ponds and lakes.

  38. C. Lyme Disease-- A spirochete bacteria transferred by the tick Borrelia burgdorferi

  39. B. Biting Arthropods Life stages of deer tick Life stages of dog tick 5. Ticks (Family Ixodidae)-- Until the discovery of Lyme disease and the deer tick, lxodes scapularis (formerly dammini), in Michigan, the American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis) was the most pestiferous tick in Michigan. Both of these ticks are more abundant in the Upper Peninsula.

  40. Lyme Disease -- bacteria: Borrelia burgdorferi • Vector = deer tick Ixodes dammini in Upper Michigan and probably lower Michigan • The tick feeds on small rodents, deer and man. • In 1991, Michigan reported 46 cases of Lyme Disease, based on the new case definition. Michigan has reported 542 Lyme disease cases…many cases unreported or misdiagnosed.

  41. The mortal enemies of man are not his fellows of another continent or race; they are the aspects of the physical world which limit or challenge his control, the disease germs that attack him and his domesticated plants and animals, and the insects that carry many of these germs as well as working notable direct injury. --W. C. Allee (1885 - 1955) US zoologist, The Social Life of Insects(1939)

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