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Part 4

Part 4. Other Topics (Web technologies: HTTP, CGI, Java applets; Middleware). World Wide Web. Major application protocol used on the Internet Simple interface Two concepts Point Click. Web Components. Browser Web server Hypermedia links Document representation Transfer protocol.

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Part 4

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  1. Part 4 Other Topics (Web technologies: HTTP, CGI, Java applets; Middleware) CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  2. World Wide Web • Major application protocol used on the Internet • Simple interface • Two concepts • Point • Click CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  3. Web Components • Browser • Web server • Hypermedia links • Document representation • Transfer protocol CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  4. Browser • Application program • User’s interface to Web • Becomes Web client to fetch information from Web server • Displays information for user CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  5. Web Server • Running program • Stores set of Web documents • Responds to request from browser by sending copy of document CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  6. Hypermedia Concept • Web document contains mixture of • Text • Images • Selectable pointers to other Web pages • Known as hypermedia CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  7. Hypermedia Link On A Web Document • Associated with object or area on screen • Internally like a symbolic link • Advantage • Can reference document on another computer • Disadvantage • Can become invalid CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  8. Web Document • Called a web page • One web page per file • Can contain • Binary image • Text file • Text standard • Readable representation ASCII • Specifies contents and layout • Known as Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  9. Terminology • Markup language • Gives general layout guidelines • Does not specify exact placement or format CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  10. Consequence of UsingA Markup Language Web documents use the HyperText Markup Language representation. Instead of specifying a detailed document format, HTML allows a document to contain general guidelines for display, and allows a browser to choose details. Consequently, two browsers may display an HTML document differently. CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  11. HTML Details • Document is free-format • Embedded tags give display guidelines • Tags often appear in pairs • Tag format • Beginning tag • Ending tag <TAGNAME> </TAGNAME> CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  12. General Form of HTML Document <HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE> text that forms the document title </TITLE> </HEAD> <BODY> body of the document appears here </BODY> </HTML> CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  13. Document Format <HTML><HEAD><TITLE> text that forms the document title</TITLE></HEAD><BODY>body of the document appears here</BODY></HTML> • HTML source is free-form • Previous example equivalent to this CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  14. Example HTML Tags • Begin paragraph <P> • Line break (force a new line) <BR> • Main heading (largest, boldest font) <H1> … text … </H1> • Next heading (next largest) <H2> … text … </H2> CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  15. Example of HTML Line Break • Input Hello there.<BR>This is an example<BR>of HTML. • Output Hello there. This is an example of HTML. CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  16. Example of HTML Line Break (continued) • Input Hello there.<BR><BR>This shows<BR>HTML spacing. • Output Hello there. This shows HTML spacing. CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  17. Example of HTML Headings • Input Hello.<BR><H1>This is a heading</H1><BR>Back to normal. • Output Hello. This is a heading Back to normal. CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  18. Other HTML Features • Numbered or unnumbered lists • Images • Links to other pages CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  19. Images in HTML • Explicitly denoted as image • Specified with image tag • Can specify alignment with text • Example image tags <IMG SRC=“file_name”> <IMG SRC=“file_name” ALIGN=MIDDLE> CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  20. Images in HTML Here is a picture. <IMG SRC=“file_name” ALIGN=MIDDLE> CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  21. Links to Other Pages • Symbolic representation • Embedded in HTML document • Browser • Hides text of link from user • Associates link with item on page • Makes item selectable • Called Uniform Resource Locator (URL) CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  22. General Form of URL protocol :// domain_name : port / item_name • Only domain name required • Defaults • Protocol is http • Port is 80 • Path is index.html name of access protocol to use protocol port number domain name of server computer path name of item CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  23. Link in HTML • Link specified in <A> tag • Applies to successive items • Ends with </A> • Called anchor CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  24. Example of Anchor Tag in HTML • Input The text is published by <A HREF=http://www.prenhall.com> Prentice Hall, </A> one of the larger publishers of Computer Science textbooks. • Produces The text is published byPrentice Hall,one of the larger publishers of Computer Science textbooks. CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  25. Use of Client-Server Paradigm • Web server • Makes set of pages available • Uses port 80 • Web client • Called a browser • Creates TCP connections to server • Sends requests for items CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  26. Use of Client-Server Paradigm • Primary protocol used between browser and server known as HyperText Transfer Protocol (HPPT) • HTTP requests sent as text (ASCII) • GET: request an item from the server • HEAD: request status information about an item • POST: send data to the server CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  27. Use of Client-Server Paradigm • Response from server begins with ASCII header • Status code (200 = handled request) CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  28. Inside a Browser • Main controller • Receives input from user • Invokes client and interpreter • Clients • One or more built into browser • Uses network to fetch items • Interpreter • One or more built in • Displays items CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  29. Illustration of a Browser • Browser contains many components CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  30. Alternative Protocol Example • File transfer service • Protocol is FTP • Example URL ftp://ftp.cs.purdue.edu/pub/comer/netbook/client.c • Can be used in anchor tag CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  31. Other Markup Languages • Extensible Markup Language (XML) does not specify layout • Tag names can be created as needed • Example for a corporate phone book: CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  32. Caching in Browsers • Cache for recently accessed • HTML pages • Images • Item normally fetched from cache • User can override • HTTP can verify timestamp before fetching new copy CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  33. Types of Web Pages • Static • Stored in file • Unchanging • Dynamic • Formed by server • Created on demand • Output from a program • Use Common Gateway Interface (CGI) technology CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  34. Types of Web Pages (cont) • Active • Executed at client • Consists of a computer program • Can interact with user • Use Java technology CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  35. Summary of Web Document Types Web documents can be grouped into three categories depending on when the information in the document changes. The information in a static document remains unchanged until the author revises the document. The information in a dynamic document can change whenever a server receives a request for the document. Information displayed by an active document can change after the document has been loaded into a browser. CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  36. CGI Technology • URL specifies • Location of Web server • CGI program on that server • Arguments to program • Web server • Uses TCP for communication • Accepts HTTP request from client • Runs specified CGI program • Returns output to client CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  37. CGI Technology (cont) • CGI program • Performs arbitrary computation • Often written in a scripting language • Produces output file when run • Starts output with header CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  38. Header in CGI Output • Stops at first blank line • Identifies • Encoding used • Type of document • Format keyword: information CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  39. CGI Header Examples • HTML document header Content Type: text/html • Text document header Content Type: text/plain • Redirection header Location: /over_here/item4 CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  40. Example CGI Script • Generates document • Document contains three lines of text • Header • Blank line • Document creation date CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  41. Parameters • CGI programs can be parameterized • URL can contain arguments that are passed to CGI program • Question mark separates CGI path from arguments • Server places information following question mark in environment variable QUERY_STRING CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  42. Example Environment Variables CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  43. Encoding Information in a URL • Information that program stores between invocations: state information • Information passed to browser in form of cookie • Cookie consists of name/value pair • Long term (persistent) or short term (session) CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  44. Long-Term State Information • Program lifetime • CGI program invoked by server • Program exits after generating output • To maintain persistent data • Write to file on disk • Read from file on disk CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  45. Long-Term State Information • Client’s IP address in environment variable • Check if address in file • Respond to client CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  46. Short-Term State Information • Each invocation of a dynamic document program can produce a document containing a new set of URLs • Use new arguments in new URLs CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  47. Short-Term State Information • Argument encodes number of times executed CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  48. Example of Script Execution • Initial document Content-type: text/html <HTML> This is the initial page.<BR><BR> <A HREF=“http://www.nonexist.com/cgi/ex4?1”> Click here to refresh the page.</A> </HTML> • Resulting display This is the initial page. Click here to refresh the page. CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  49. Example of Script Execution • Generated output Content-type: text/html <HTML> You have displayed this page 2 times.<BR><BR> <A HREF=“http://www.nonexist.com/cgi/ex4?2”> Click here to refresh the page.</A> </HTML> • Resulting display You have displayed this page 2 times. Click here to refresh the page. CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

  50. Generated URL Values When it generates a document, a dynamic document program can embed state information as arguments in URLs. The argument string is passed to the program for the URL, enabling a program to pass state information from one invocation to the next. CSI 4118 – UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA

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