Chapter 10: Inner and East Asia

1. Chapter 10: Inner and East Asia 600-1200

2. The Sui Dynasty (581-618) • Yang Jian (Sui Wendi) • Established capital at Chang’an • What did the Han Dynasty (Liu Bang) declare was the state philosophy? • Used Daoism and Buddhism to unify China • Founded Buddhist monasteries and appointed Buddhist monks as political advisors

3. Sui Dynasty cont. • What was the Sui Dynasty’s greatest construction project? • Completion of the Grand Canal • aka the artificial Nile • approx. 1200 mi long • links Yellow and Yangtze Rivers • Facilitated trade, communication and the transportation of goods • Also allowed for troops to be quickly dispatched to troubled areas of the empire

5. Sui Dynasty cont. • Sui Yangdi was tyrannical and waged expensive military campaigns • After his death, Sui Dynasty died as well For more info on the Grand Canal: www.chinapage.com/canal.html www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Places/District/879134

6. Tang Dynasty (618-907) • Founded by Li Yuan • Pushed aside by son Li Shimin • Took title Tang Taizong • Expanded empire-How? • Established a tributary system as a result

7. Buddhism and the Tang Empire • Influence of Buddhism on Politics • Importance of Mahayana • Expansion of the empire • Interaction w/Central Asia and India increased • While many converted to Buddhism and Confucianism, many regions kept their own local religions and traditions • Tang Empire-”cosmopolitan” • Explain what this means.

8. Civil Service Examination • Process used to select public servants • Could not prevent aristocratic influence • Primary path to a career in government • Relatives of employees were not permitted to take the exam • Included questions about Buddhism, Daoism and Confucianism-Why?

9. Economy and Society • Economy grew in size and complexity • Still mainly agricultural • Most land owned by aristocratic families • Peasants overburdened by taxes forced into serfdom or slavery • Tang Dynasty tried to reduce noble’s power and maximize tax revenue by adopting an “equal field” system • What is an “equal field” system?

10. Economy cont. • Led to increased rural prosperity and gov’t revenue when enforced • Aristocracy learned how to manipulate the system • Began accumulating large tracts of land • Increase in population • Period of social stability • These pressured the government systems • Tang Dynasty failed to resolve these problems

11. Economy cont. • What were some of the innovations of this time period? • mastered art of steel manufacturing • Introduction of cotton led to new textiles • Invention of gunpowder

12. Trade • Gov’t was leery of trade so they kept monopolies over key commodities • ex. salt • Paper currency introduced 8th/9th cent. • Not backed by metal coins • What happened as a result?

13. Trade cont. • Introduction of credit • Led to developments In banking • Complex calculations made easier w/the invention of the abacus • Silk Road was revived and reached its peak during this time • Chang’an became the eastern end of the Silk Road • Became very rich! • Canton became major port in Southern China • Brought the bubonic plague

14. Trade cont. • What were some of the traded goods? • Chinese viewed the world in a hierarchical manner • How does the tributary system illustrate that?

15. Uighur and Tibetan Empires • Why were the Uighurs so important to trade? • What role did Tibet play in the Tang Empire after the fall of the Uighurs?

16. Upheavals and Repression • Buddhism seen as undermining Confucian ideas of family and as a model for the state • Push for a return to Confucianism • Why else did the government want to return to Confucianism? • What happened as a result?

17. The End of the Tang Empire • Military campaigns and overburdened tax system contributed to the empire’s downfall • Internal strife-rebellions, funding cuts for the military, political and cultural disintegration

18. The Song Dynasty 960-1279 • 3 states emerged after the Tang: • Liao Empire (Khitan) • North • Gov’t centered on cities, but leaders preferred nomad camps • Tangguts (Minyak) • West • Connected to the Tang Empire • Song Dynasty • Central China

19. Song Dynasty cont. • Competition b/t the groups was inevitable • All three empires were very different-How? • Song was cut off from Inner and Central Asia • What did they do as a result?

20. Song Dynasty cont. • Founded by Song Taisu • Could not take over the Khitan people • Established capital @ Kaifeng where the Grand Canal intersects the Yellow River • When pressure from the north increased, moved capital further south to Hangzhou • On the coast of the Yangtze River delta • Emperors here known as the Southern Song • Also lost control over Tibet • Despite political and military problems, ruled during economically prosperous time

21. The Liao and Jin Challenge

22. Liao and Jin Challenge cont. • Liao Empire (960-1121) • Siberia to Central Asia • Pastoral traditions • Encouraged people to keep their individuality • How? • Introduced siege machines • 1005: Song Dynasty began paying them an annual tribute of cash and silk…continued for more than a century • Eventually got sick of paying

23. Liao and Jin challenge cont. • What did the Song do as a result? • Who were the Jurchens? • From Manchuria • Eventually became enemies of the Song • 1127-capturedSong capital @ Kaifeng • Northern China left in Jurchen control • Song allied themselves with the Mongols

24. Civil Service Examination • 3 levels of exams given: • Qualifying exam • If pass, qualified for position, but most likely got positions at the local level as village teachers • Could take the next exam; given every three years at the imperial capital • Could apply for official positions • Final exam-given every three years at the imperial palace • Those who pass were eligible for high positions in the central bureaucracy or as district magistrates

25. Exams cont. • Ignored claims of cheating • Exams were open to all males except criminals and members of restricted occupations • Set up schools to provide education for potential candidates • Still did not provide equal opportunity • Open only to males • Gov’t did not offer basic education • Only those in upper classes could enter state schools • Gov’t full of corruption and infighting • Used positions to help family members get jobs-did not see that as nepotism- Why not?

26. Industry, Economy and Society during the Song • What were the scientific/technological advances during the Song Dynasty? • Civil man outranked military man • New interpretations of Confucian teachings emerged • Called neo-Confucianism • Who was Zhu Xi? Why was he important to the neo-Confucian movement? • How did Buddhism change during this time which allowed it to continue in China?

27. Industry. Economy and society in the Song Dynasty cont. • What were the social implications for passing the civil service exams? What were the negative social implications for failing the exam? • How did moveable type change the exam? • How did moveable type change country life?

28. Economy and society in the Song Dynasty • Agriculture is still profitable • What was city life like in Hangzhou? • Began using credit- what did it depend on? • Use of paper money caused severe inflation • Land no longer the main source of wealth

29. Economy and society in Song Dynasty • How did the role of women in society change as society moved back towards Confucianism? • What were the two ways in which marriage customs changed during this time?

30. New Kingdoms in East Asia • Did not rely on the civil service exam • Most gov’t positions went to the higher classes • Rich learned to read Chinese and Confucian classics

31. Korea • Conquered by the Chinese during the Han Dynasty • After Han Dynasty collapsed in 220 CE, broke free of Chinese rule • Remained a vassal of China • Sui and Tang tried to take them over but failed • Korea maintained independence but had tributary status • “younger brother/older brother” relationship with China

32. Korea cont. • 20% of the land was farmable • Main contribution: woodblock printing • How did this work?

33. Japan • Never fell under Chinese rule but adopted cultural hegemony • Most Chinese ideas in Japan came by way of Korea • A lot of immigration to Japan from China and Korea • 11% farmable land • Japanese gov’t sent ppl to China to learn and adopt Chinese models

34. Japan cont. • Did not copy everything-Explain. • Fujiwara (645) • Adopted Chinese culture, religion and gov’t to unify Japan • 646 Taika reforms (“great change”) • Consolidated administration • Extensive road construction • Abolished private ownership of land and established equal field system • Land redistributed w/generational change

35. Japan cont. • 710-established new capital modeled after Chang’an in Nara • Emperor also served as chief priest of Shinto • Why didn’t the dynasty ever change? • Began to record historyin Nihon Shoki (written in Chinese) • Wrote legends in Kojiki (Japanses/Chinese mix)

36. Japan cont. • How were women treated? • How did they contribute to Japanese culture? • 1156-1185-increase in military values • Established Kamakura shogunate-explain. • Emergence of the samurai

37. Vietnam (Annam) • Political and economic life centered on the Red River Valley in the north and the Mekong River valley in the south • Why was agriculture possible? What did they grow? • Elites adopted many parts of Chinese culture as well

38. Vietnam cont. • Dai Viet (936) • How did Champa rival Dai Viet? • How did they interact with the Song Dynasty? • How did the role of women in Vietnam differ from the role of women in China, Japan and Korea?