Typology,Genetic, Areal, and Historical Linguistics

1. Typology,Genetic, Areal, and Historical Linguistics Elly van Gelderen Spring 2011 IN PREPARATION

2. Origins and typology • Language Origins • Archeology • Genetics • Linguistics • Earliest records • IE > Gmc and reconstruction • Sounds Grimm’s Law • Grammar • Typology

3. Archeology and Migration: For instance: Anghilak Cave, Uzbekistan. (Photo M. Glantz, http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/glantz/glantz.html)

4. Genetics and Migrations

5. More MtDNA http://www.acadian-home.org/Haplogroups.html

6. http://schema-root.org/people/indigenous/

7. Y-DNA migrations

8. Can typology help?

9. Dryer’s map on Case

10. VO and OV

12. Possible `Super’ Family

13. Nostratic Nostratic *gadi ‘kid, young goat’ Indo European *ghaid. Latin has haedus Explain how the Latin haedus corresponds to Old Norse geit and eventually Modern English goat.

14. So: Proto-Language Nostratic Indo-European Afro-Asiatic etc Germanic Romance Celtic etc English German Swedish etc

15. Some hypotheses on Proto-Language • Newmeyer suggests that proto-languages may have been inflectional (2000: 385, n 4) • Bickerton 1990 fossils of proto-lg (aphasia/pidgin): no morphology; no PS • Jackendoff 2002 • Hauser, Chomsky, & Fitch 2002 FLB (CI-SM-Mechanisms for Recursion) – FLN (Recursion) • Chomsky 2005 Merge "`Great Leap Forward' in the evolution of humans"

16. Earliest Writings: 3 types • Vinca: 6,000 • Harappan:5,500 • Egyptian: 5,300 (p. 33) • Mesopotamian: 5,100 • Chinese: 3,500 • Mayan: 2,500

17. Vinca: Southeastern Europe

18. Indo European

19. Grimm’s Law Sanskrit: p t k b d g bh dh gh Corresponds to: Germanic: f θ h p t k b d g Sanskrit bh/dh/gh Latin f/f/h Corresponds to: Gmc b/d/g Greek ph/th/ch

20. Grimm/First Consonant Shift bhrater frater brother dhwer foris door ghordho hortus yard (< Old English geard) pitr pater father tu tu thou krnga cornu horn kanab cannabis hemp (< OE henep) Danta dentis tooth jna gnoscere know/ken

21. Match: Sanskrit: Old English: bhar þu pitar þrie pada beran trayas fæder tvam fot

22. Match: Latin: Modern English: noctis tooth gelu night cannabis kin dentis glacial gens hemp

23. Second Consonant Shift pijp, pipe [p] > Pfeife [pf] slapen, sleep [p] > schlafen [f] speer, spear [p] > Speer [p] twee, two [t] > zwei [ts] Eten, eat [t] > essen [s] Steen, stone [t] > Stein [t] boek, book [k] > Buch [X] sk.. > sk..

25. Reconstruction methods, e.g. Comparative Method Sanskrit Avestan Greek Latin Gothic English pita pater pater fadar father padam poda pedem fotu foot bhratar phrater frater brothar brother bharami barami phero fero baira bear jivah jivo wiwos qius quick ('living') sanah hano henee senex sinista senile virah viro wir wair were(wolf) tris tres thri three deka decem taihun ten satem he-katon centum hund(rath) hundred

26. Proto Romance? French cent [sã]; Italian cento [t∫εnto] Spanish ciento [siεnto] Latin centum [kεntum]

27. More CM

29. How to reconstruct Grammar? • Look at what happens in change you have evidence for. • Sanskrit nouns have endings representing eight different cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, ablative, locative, and vocative. (1) Ayodhya-yam vasa-ti Ayodhya-LOC lives-3S 'He lives in Ayodhya'.

30. Adam Smith, 1767

31. Sanskrit > Hindi/Urdu (1) nagarat vanam gacchati city-ABL forest-ACC goes-3S 'He goes from the city to the forest'. (2) Wo šehr se jngl ko jata hẽ he city from forest to go-M be-3S 'He goes from the city to the forest'.

32. Politics Aryan Myth Harappa?? East Asia

33. Back to typology • Links between type and family?