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The Fallof Europe and the end of Modernism

The Fallof Europe and the end of Modernism. Photos from World War I: Europe 1914-1918 The promises of modernization led to massive murder and destruction.

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The Fallof Europe and the end of Modernism

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  1. The Fallof Europe and the end of Modernism

  2. Photos from World War I: Europe 1914-1918The promises of modernization led to massive murder and destruction

  3. Totalitarian art and architecture: Paris World Fair 1937 (left) German Pavilion by Albert Speer with Comrades, by Joseph Thorak(right) USSR Pavilion, Vera Mukhina,The Worker and The Collective Farm Woman, welded sheets of stainless steel. Notice gigantic scale, signaling the insignificance of the individual relative to the state.

  4. Picasso, Guernica, 1937, Paris Worlds Fair, Spanish Pavilion

  5. ANXIOUS VISIONS for anxious times – Spanish Civil War and impending World WarSalvadorDali, Soft Construction with Boiled Beans: Premonitions of Civil War, 1936, oil on canvas, 39 x 39” (Spanish Civil War), Surrealism

  6. Hitler and Goebbels visit the Degenerate Art Exhibition, Munich, 1937 (insert below) German Expressionist, “degenerate” artist, Max Beckmann at MoMA NYC in 1947 with 1933 painting, Departure

  7. (left) Nazi 1937 music poster for degenerate art exhibition. Jazz was despised as Jewish (Star of David) and Black.(right) Degenerate art show installation – “Dada” with confiscated works by modern masters, Kurt Schwitters and Paul Klee artworks visible

  8. National Socialist (Nazi) Realism Arno Breker, (left) Comradeship, 1940; (right) The Party, 1938

  9. German Fuhrer Adolph Hitler (Austrian-German,1889-1945) Photograph sent to Eva Braun after occupation of Paris,1940The Fall of Paris marks “the end” of Modernism

  10. 1940 - Occupation of Paris signifies the “end” of Modernism “Hundreds of refugee European artists, scholars, and scientists came to the United States. Surrealism is the last European art movement. Center of world of art shifts from Paris to New York City. Photo of émigré European artists included in the 1942 exhibition, “Artists in Exile” at the Pierre Matisse gallery, New York

  11. Nazi (Axis) Blitzkrieg of London, beginning in 1941, inaugurating the ceaseless bombing of civilian populations throughout the war by both sides

  12. Soviet (Allied) bombing of Berlin, August 11, 1941 Dresden, September 1945 after fire bombings by British & American air forces – 30,000 deaths

  13. (left) Francis Bacon (British), panel from Three Studies for a Crucifixion, 1947(right) Alberto Giacometti (Swiss), Pointing Man, 1947 Europe after the War: Existentialist Expressionism

  14. Neo Rauch, Das Neue(The New), 2003

  15. "We came from the people, we remain part of the people, and see ourselves as the executor of the people's will.“ (left) Joseph Goebbels, Nazi Minister for People's Enlightenment and Propaganda: 1938 Nazi propaganda rally in Graz.(right) Hans Haacke, And You Were Victorious After All, Graz, Germany, 1988, a reconstruction of 1938 Nazi propaganda, a public art work attacked and destroyed.

  16. The atrocities of the Holocaust threw Western humanist culture, with its premise that man is essentially good and perfectable, into crisis. Auschwitz, near Warsaw Poland, largest of the Nazi concentration camps, was liberated by Soviet troops in January, 1945 German Jewish philosopher Theodor Adorno, exiled to New York, asserted that "writing poetry after Auschwitz is barbaric." "Selection" on the unloading ramp at Birkenau, May/June 1944. To be sent to the right meant assignment to a work detail; to the left, the gas chambers.

  17. United States atomic bombing of Hiroshima, Japan, August 6, 1945 The total estimated human loss of life caused by World War II was roughly 72 million people. The civilian toll was around 47 million. The Allies lost about 61 million people, and the Axis lost 11 million. Aftermath of Hiroshima bomb – estimated 90,000–166,000 deaths

  18. The U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) and Nagasaki (August 9). Japan surrendered six days later and ended WW II.The bomb killed 90,000–166,000 people in Hiroshima and 60,000–80,000 in Nagasaki, with roughly half of the deaths in each city occurring on the first day and the rest within four months. Almost all were civilians.Right: Nagasaki before (top) and after (the atomic bomb).

  19. Post-colonialism is one of the most important historical contexts for today’s global culture Decolonization of Europe’s empires occurred after World War II. Ghana gained independence in 1957, the first in sub-Saharan Africa.

  20. The Algerian War of Independence from France (1954 -1962), one of many such anti-colonial wars for national identity. De-colonization characterized the post-modern period. Bomb blast, Algiers, 1957 Poster for film about the Algerian War of Independence from France.

  21. World map in 1980: The Cold War (1947-1991)

  22. Berlin Wall, August 13, 1961, the German Democratic Republlic (Communist East Germany) began under the leadership of Erich Honecker to block off East Berlin and the GDR from West Berlin by means of barbed wire and antitank obstacles. Construction crews replaced the provisional barriers by a solid wall.

  23. European Postwar Existentialism 1949 – a founding feminist text rooted in Existentialism’s questions about the nature of Being. “One is not born a woman, one becomes one.” (De Beauvoir) 1943 Jean-Paul Sartre Simone de Beauvoir 1938 Paris

  24. Jean Fautrier (French, 1898-1964) Art Informel, tachisme, Head of a Hostage, 20," oïl on panel, 1944, one of over thirty “hostage” paintings and sculptures made during the occupation of Paris that allude to the Nazi atrocities Fautrier is said to have witnessed there. “These paintings addressed the most important issue of their time, epitomizing a 'new human resolve' against the horrors of war." - Jean Fautrier

  25. Jean Fautrier, Large Tragic Head, bronze, 15 in. high1943, Tate MA, London

  26. Jean Fautrier, Nude, 1960, oil on canvas, tachism, 35 in. x 57 1/2 in.

  27. Germaine Richier (French, 1904-1959) Crucified Christ, 1950, Notre-Dame de Tour Grâce d'Assy, France. Post-humanist?(below right) Compare Richier’s teacher, Emile-Antoine Bourdelle, Hercules, 1909. What became of the heroic human body in Western art in the hands of WWII generation artists? Why?

  28. Germaine Richier, (left) The Shepherd of Landes, c. 5 ft high, bronze, 1951 (cast 1996), Tate Modern, London; (right) Le Griffu, 1952, bronze, c. 39 in high Shepherd’s head is cast from a piece of eroded building rubble that Richier found on the beach.

  29. Germaine Richier, Praying Mantis, 1949, bronze, 47” height, Middelheim Sculpture Museum, Antwerp

  30. Germaine Richier in her studio, 1951 / Gordon Parks, photograph (for Life magazine) “Life does not always belong to serene things.” (G. Richier)

  31. Alberto Giacometti (Swiss, 1901-1966), (left) City Square, 1948, bronze, c. 8 x 25 x 17“(right) Giacometti, Portrait of a Seated Man (Diego), 1949, oil on canvas, 80 x 64 cm. 2 of 5 casts. Guggenheim collection photos. Lower one is artist’s preferred viewpoint (eye-level, close up), which alters the viewer’s perception of scale Portraits are the stopping point of an agonized struggle with perception as proof of existence

  32. Giacometti, The Palace at 4 a.m., 1932, construction in wood, glass, wire, and string, 25 x 28 x 15 in. Prewar Surrealist work Artist’s sketch, 1932

  33. Giacometti, Woman with Her Throat Cut, bronze, 1932, prewar Surrealist work drawing from the artist’s dreams and imaginings MoMA New York, 2005

  34. (left) Poseidon, Greek, c. 575 BC, bronze, found in the Aegean Sea in 1926: gods as men. The classical Poseidon was a source for Giacometti.(right) Giacometti,Man Pointing, 1947, bronze, 70 inches high, Existential man: “thrown naked into the void” (Heidegger, German WWII-era existential philosopher). Sacramento’s Poseidon

  35. February 3, 2010, Striding Man I, bronze, 72” high, (1961, 2nd of six numbered editions plus four artist proofs) by Alberto Giacometti sold for $104,327,006: the most expensive work of art ever sold at auction.

  36. Jean Dubuffet[French, 1901-1985] “Art Brut,”Large Sooty Nude, 1944, o/c, 64”H; (right) Tree of Fluids, 1952; compare (center) Willem de Kooning, Woman I, 1952“Art addresses the mind, not the eyes.” (Dubuffet)

  37. Jean Dubuffet, Fleshy Face with Chestnut Hair, 1951, Oil & mixed-media, 28”H, Art Brut. Compare the head of the Apollo Belvedere (Roman copy of Greek original c. 350 BC) and Jean Fautrier’s 1944 Hostage

  38. Brassai, (Gyula Halasz, French b. Romania, 1899 - 1987)(left) Swastika Graffiti; (right) Passion Graffiti, both Paris, 1939

  39. Henry Moore (English 1896-1986),Tube Shelter Perspective, 1941, ink, pen, wax, and watercolor, 8 1/2 x 6 1/2 in., one of many such drawings Moore made during WWII Blitz of London by Nazi Germany.

  40. Henry Moore King and Queen 1952 bronze

  41. Henry Moore, working model for Reclining Figure for Lincoln Center, New York, 1963-65, plaster

  42. Henry MooreReclining Figure for Lincoln Center1963-65 bronze

  43. Barbara Hepworth(English, 1903-1975) Pendour, plane wood with color, 1947, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington D.Chttp://www.barbarahepworth.org.uk/sculptures/1933/two-forms-2/ Barbara Hepworth carving Pendour at Chy-an-Kerris, Carbis Bay, 1947

  44. Francis Bacon, Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion, 1944, oil and pastel on canvas, triptych on wood fiberboard, each 37 x 29 inches. The crucifixion was for Bacon a symbol of humanity’s sadism. (right) Picasso, On the Beach (La Baignade) 1937. Picasso was a crucial source and encouraged Bacon.

  45. Francis Bacon (British, 1909 -1992), (left) Painting, 1946, oil and pastel on linen, 6' 6" x 52”, MoMA, NYC The black umbrella was the symbol of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, and his policy of Nazi appeasement before WWII. “An attempt to remake the violence of reality itself” (Bacon)

  46. Francis Bacon, Study after Velazquez's Portrait of Pope Innocent X, 5 x 4 ft, 1953; (right top) source: Velazquez, Pope Innocent X, 1650; (right below) a still from Sergei Eisenstein’s 1925 film, The Battleship Potemkin, Odessa steps sequence

  47. Francis Bacon, Head Surrounded by Sides of Beef (Study after Velasquez), 4’3” x 4’, oil on canvas, 1954, Art Institute Chicago

  48. (left) Francis Bacon, Three Studies of figures on Beds, 1972, oil and pastel on canvas, triptych, each panel 6’6” x 4’ 10”(right) source: Eadweard Muybridge, photograph from The Human Figure in Motion, 1887

  49. Sotheby’s May 14, 2008, a 1976 Francis Bacon Triptych sells for $86,281,000

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