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Module based on a kit from Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. Adapted by Dan Murray from a presentation by Stan Hitomi Monte Vista High School, Danville, CA. Kirk Brown Tracy High School, Tracy, CA. This Little Light of Mine: Transform bacteria with a Jellyfish gene to make them glow.
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Module based on a kit from Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. Adapted by Dan Murray from a presentation by Stan Hitomi Monte Vista High School, Danville, CA. Kirk Brown Tracy High School, Tracy, CA. This Little Light of Mine:Transform bacteria with a Jellyfish gene to make them glow
Aequorea victoria: Source of “glowing gene” for this experiment
Outline • Overview • Bacteria and Plasmids • Transformation • The pGLO Plasmid • Experimental Procedures • Extension Activities
What is Bacterial Transformation? Taking up of DNA from the environment by bacterial cells
Cell/DNA mix is plated on nutrient agar with antibiotic • Cells take up plasmid • Bacterial Cells and plasmid DNA are mixed Bacterial Transformation Lab • Only cells which obtained plasmid DNA will grow… and glow
What is a plasmid? ori bla • Small circular DNA molecule • Replicates autonomously • Originally evolved in bacteria • May contain antibiotic resistance gene or be modified to contain other genes • bla is an ampicillin resistance gene
Bacterial Cells and DNA Plasmid DNA Chromosomal Chromosomal DNA Bacterial cell
If few cells grow bacteria If many cells grow Growth of Bacteria on Plates Agarose in Petri dish = plate Incubate at 37°C lawn colonies
Chromosomal DNA Bacterial Cell Bacterial Transformation Plasmids The uptake of DNA
Methods of transformation • Electroporation • Electrical shock makes cell membranes permeable to DNA • Calcium Chloride/Heat Shock • Chemically-competent cells uptake DNA after heat shock
pGLO Plasmid araC ori pGLO GFP bla • bla gene • beta-lactamase enzyme • Ampicillin resistance • GFP gene • Green Fluorescent Protein • Aequorea victoria jellyfish • araC gene • Regulates GFP transcription • ori • Allows plasmid replication
pGLO Plasmid: Most Important Components • bla gene • Bacteria with this gene grow in the presence of ampicillin • GFP gene • Bacteria with this gene glow under near UV light pGLO GFP bla
1. Arabinose sugar binds regulator. 2. Regulator plus arabinose complex recruits RNA Polymerase to bind promotor. 3. Gene is transcribed into mRNA and “read.”
Transformation Procedures +CaCl2 +CaCl2
Ca++ Reasons for Each Transformation Step O Ca++ O P O Base O O CH2 Sugar O Ca++ O O P Base O O CH2 Sugar OH • CaCl2 treatment Positive charge of Ca2+ ions neutralizes: • negative charge of DNA phosphates • negative charge of membrane phospholipids
Reasons for Each Transformation Step • Incubation on iceslows fluid cell membranes • Heat-shockincreases permeability of cell membrane • Nutrient broth incubationallows beta lactamase expression
Transformation Results Lb/amp/ara Only cells getting pGLO plasmid grow and glow All cells grow since there is no antibiotic on the plate Without pGLO plasmid, nothing can grow All cells grow since there is no antibiotic on the plate White – no glow
Extension Activity I: Transcriptional Regulation Transfer Bacteria Glowing Bacteria from Transformation Plate without Arabinose Plate with Arabinose Arabinose controls expression of GFP gene: Incubate overnight @ 37°C
After overnight incubation Extension Activity I: Transcriptional Regulation Plate without Arabinose Plate with Arabinose −arabinose = no glow +arabinose = glow
araC Transcriptional Regulation of GFP by Arabinose GFP Gene Arabinose araC GFP Gene araC RNA Polymerase GFP Gene araC repressor blocks transcription Arabinose bindsrepressor, changing its conformation Altered repressor leaves DNA, RNA polymerase can perform transcription
Compare results with number of colonies obtained during the normal protocol Extension Activity II: Tweaking the Transformation Protocol Test effect of various components of the transformation protocol: • plate ampicillin concentration • plate arabinose concentration • amount of plasmid DNA used in the experiment • amount of cells used in the experiment • length of time cells/DNA mix is kept at 42°C during the experiment
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