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CLASSIFICATION

CLASSIFICATION. Of Living Things. Classification:. The grouping of organisms based on similarities Allows us to study relationships between species Helps us assign names to organisms Taxonomy = a branch of Biology that groups and names organisms based in different characteristics.

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CLASSIFICATION

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  1. CLASSIFICATION Of Living Things

  2. Classification: • The grouping of organisms based on similarities • Allows us to study relationships between species • Helps us assign names to organisms • Taxonomy = a branch of Biology that groups and names organisms based in different characteristics.

  3. Aristotle (384-322BC) • Classified organisms into two categories: • Plants • Herbs • Shrubs • Trees • Animals • Land • Water • Air

  4. Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)Born Carl von Linne, but renamed himself with a scientific name. • Devised a system for grouping and giving names to all organisms. • Used physical and structural characteristics to classify organisms. • Subdivided into smaller and more specific groups • Chose Latin as the language for assigning the names.

  5. Binomial Nomenclature (The Linnaean system of naming) • Two name (“binomial“) naming system Example: Homo sapiens • First name is the genus (Ex. Homo) • Group of similar species • Capitalized • Second name is the species (Ex. sapiens) • Descriptive name • Lower case

  6. Example Acer rubrum(Red maple) • Acer= genus including all maple trees • rubrum = red • Always italicize or underline scientific names Acer rubrum or Acer rubrum A.rubrum A.rubrum

  7. Taxonomic System Levels of classification are referred to as taxa. Kingdom - largest, most general group Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species - smallest, most specific group

  8. More General More Specific

  9. D K P C O F G S • It helps to come up with a sentence using the first letter of each taxon to help you remember them. For example, • Deprived King Philip Came Over For Great Spaghetti • Danish Kings Play Cards On Fat Green Stools.

  10. Some scientists use a 3 domain system. Domains are BIGGER than kingdoms. These 2 kingdoms used to be combined into one called “Monera”

  11. Six Kingdoms • Archaebacteria – Prokaryotes; unicellular; most ancient • Eubacteria – Prokaryotes; unicellular; true bacteria (most modern bacteria) • Protista – Eukaryotes, unicellular and multicellular; autotrophs and heterotrophs; little specialization • Fungi – Eukaryotes; multicellular; heterotrophs, nonmotile • Plantae – Eukaryotes; multicellular; autotrophs • Animalia – Eukaryotes; multicellular; heterotrophs; motile Heterotroph) Autotroph) Heterotroph)

  12. Plantae Animalia Protista Fungi Eubacteria Archaebacteria

  13. How are taxonomic relationships determined?Bases for modern classification • Structural similarities • Potential to mate • Geographical distribution • Chromosomes - # and structure • Biochemistry – DNA base sequence • Evolutionary relationship in the fossil record ---phylogeny

  14. Dichotomous Key • Chart of paired statements used to identify an organism

  15. EXAMPLE: 1. A. Body kitelike in shape (if viewed from above).............................Go to statement 12 B.Body not kitelike in shape (if viewed from above)..........................Go to statement 2 2. A.Pelvic fin absent and nose sawlike ..................................Family Pristophoridae B.Pelvic fin present ....................................................Go to statement 3 3. A.Six gill slits present ...............................................Family Hexanchidae B.Five gill slits present .................................................Go to statement 4 4. A.Only one dorsal fin present .......................................Family Scyliorhinidae B.Two dorsal fins present ..............................................Go to statement 5 5. A.Mouth at front of head rather than back along underside of head ......Family Rhinocodontidae B.Mouth back along underside of head ....................................Go to statement 6

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