REPRODUCTION

1. REPRODUCTION Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction in Animal Sexual Reproduction in Plant

2. Asexual Reproduction Binary fission Fragmentation Budding Spore formation Vegetative propagation Biotechnology

3. Binary fission

4. Bacterial growth

5. Fragmentation Separated body part regeneration

6. Budding Hydra Spongy Yeast

7. Spore formation Fungi Spore formed at sporangium

8. Vegetative propagation Stem tuber Corm Bulb Artificial propagation

9. Biotechnology in asexual reproduction in plant Plant tissue grow in vitro with nutrient and plant growth hormone

10. Animal Reproduction

11. Sexual reproduction in Bacteria Conjugation

12. Human reproduction Male sex organ Embryo develop Female sex organ Hormonal control Fertilization Birth control

13. Male sex organ

14. Male structure function In the testis, sperm form in the seminiferous tubules, but are stored in the epididymis where they mature. They move through the vas deferens and mix with secretions from the seminal vesicle and bulbourethral gland to form the semen. They enter the urethra at the base of the penis. The urethra is the duct that can carry either urine or semen. It originates at the bladder, meets the vas deferens at the base of the penis, runs through the penis, and opens to the outside at end of the penis.

15. Testis

16. Spermatogenesis

17. Sperm cell mitochondrion flagella Nucleus in head

18. Female sex organ

19. Uterus and ovary

20. Ovary and oogenesis

21. oogenesis

22. Follicle and oogenesis

23. Follicle formation The ovaries contain eggs stored in small pockets called follicles. A follicle is an egg cell surrounded by a layer of cells involved in egg maturation. These ovarian follicles are formed in the woman's body before birth. Following puberty, every month, approximately 12 to 14 days after the first day of menstruation in a "typical" monthly cycle, one of these follicles reaches maturity and is released into the uterine tube in a process called ovulation.

24. Oocyte

25. Butterfly Egg

26. Pathway of egg

27. Egg travel At ovulation, a mature egg is released from one of the ovaries into the body cavity. Before it has a chance of getting lost it is captured by one of the paired tubes called Fallopian tubes or oviducts. In the Fallopiian tube, the egg is slowly propelled toward the uterus. If sperm are present in the female reproductive system, one of the sperm will penetrate the egg, normally while it is still in the upper third of the Fallopian tube.

28. Fertilization

29. Sperm journey through female reproductive system It is possible to fertilize an egg with a sperm ejaculated into the vagina up to 3 days prior to ovulation. Sperm will have reached the uterus through the cervix. From there a few hundred of the original hundreds of millions sperm will have traveled up into the Fallopian tubes in search of an egg to fertilize. It is in the upper third of the Fallopian tubes that fertilization most commonly occurs.

30. Position of fertilization

31. Fertilized egg

32. Implantation

34. Wrong implantation

35. Embryo development

36. Amniotic cavity

37. Chorionic cavity

38. Placenta

39. Hormonal control

40. Menstruation hormone The first 12 days For the first 12 days of the menstrual cycle, estrogen has a negative effect on the production of gonadotropins. Following these 12 days the negative effect changes to a positive effect on the production of gonadotropic hormones. This results in a small increase of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), but a large increase of luteinizing hormone (LH.)

41. Ovulation This sudden increase of LH causes the mature follicle to release the egg. Following release of the ovum, the ruptured ovarian follice develops into the corpus luteum. End of the cycle The corpus luteum, in turn, secrete estrogen and progesterone. These ovarian hormones are important for the maintenance of the endometrial lining of the uterus where the blastocyst implants itself. Continued high levels of estrogen and progesterone produce a negative feedback on the secretion of gonadotropins by the anterior pituitary gland.

42. Effect of progesterone Progesterone is required for maintenance of the endometrial lining of the uterus where the blastocyst is implanted. If the released egg is not fertilized, the uterine lining is sloughed off, completing the monthly uterine cycle. Following the menstrual period, the ovarian and uterine cycles begin anew, with the development of an ovarian follicle, and the preparation of the uterus for blastocyst implantation.

43. Progesterone is required for maintenance of the endometrial lining of the uterus where the blastocyst is implanted. If the released egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum regress, and the production of progesterone drops. The uterine lining is sloughed off, completing the monthly uterine cycle. Following the menstrual period, the ovarian and uterine cycles begin anew, with the development of an ovarian follicle, and the preparation of the uterus for blastocyst implantation.

45. Thickness of uterus

46. Corpus luteum

47. Ovarian follicles following ovulation After ovulation, changes continue to take place in the ovaries. The remaining follicular cells undergo structural and biochemical changes. They develop into the corpus luteum. While the ovarian follicles produced estrogen, the corpus luteum produce both estrogen and progesterone. After ovulation, the ruptured ovarial follicle becomes the corpus luteum. While the ovarian follicles produced estrogen, the corpus luteum produce both estrogen and progesterone.

48. Other hormone

49. Hormone With the onset of puberty, the hypothalamus increases the release of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). This hormone is needed for sexual maturity and normal reproduction. GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release several hormones. Among them are the gonadotropings "follicle stimulating hormone" (FSH) and "lutenizing hormone" (LH.) These gonadotropins act by stimulating the production of sex hormones in the gonads (testes and ovary.)

50. Position of hormone production