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Keeping up with DICOM

Keeping up with DICOM. Harry Solomon GE Healthcare. DICOM is not Static. DICOM first published in 1993 Extended regularly to meet the expanding needs of Medical Imaging: Multi-slice CT 3D Ultrasound Web-based PACS USB Memory Sticks Clinical Measurements Radiation Dose Reporting

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Keeping up with DICOM

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  1. Keeping up with DICOM Harry Solomon GE Healthcare

  2. DICOM is not Static • DICOM first published in 1993 • Extended regularly to meet theexpanding needs of Medical Imaging: • Multi-slice CT • 3D Ultrasound • Web-based PACS • USB Memory Sticks • Clinical Measurements • Radiation Dose Reporting • Image Registration & Segmentation • Computer Aided Detection/Diagnosis • and Many, Many More . . .

  3. DICOM Change Process • Supplements for major changes • New object types, new services, new compression schemes • About 10 / year • Developed by Working Groups • Require Work Item approved by DICOM Standards Committee • Change Proposals for minor corrections • About 100 / year • Anybody can submit • Backward Compatibility: Avoid changes that break existing implementations • Consolidated edition published every year • Most recently, January 2010 • Available free at DICOM web site • Vendors responsible for monitoring final text changes

  4. DICOM Supplements

  5. Working Groups • Modality, clinical domain, or function specific teams, assigned to develop Supplements or Change Proposals

  6. DICOM Change Process • Development of a Supplement : • Work Item Proposal • Reviewed / Approved by DICOM Standards Committee • Working Drafts • Developed by Working Groups, reviewed by DICOM WG-06 • Public Comment • Reviewed / Approved by DICOM WG-06 • Published for 45-day Comment Period • Letter Ballot • Reviewed / Approved by DICOM WG-06 • Voted on by DICOM Members • Final Text / Standard • Finalized by DICOM WG-06 • Effective immediately; consolidated during next publication • …typically a 1-2 year process

  7. Maintaining Compatibility • Extension, not “Versioning” • DICOM is a family of SOP Classes • It’s just “DICOM”; Not DICOM 3.0, 3.1, etc. • Conformance is to SOP Classes, not to a ‘version’ of the Standard • New SOP Classes are added; old SOP Classes don’t change • Most applications continue to support older SOP Classes when supporting new ones • Association Negotiation • Software can determine if two systems are compatible • Happens each time two DICOM systems open an association (connection) • They negotiate which SOP Classes will be used, and how (e.g. Transfer Syntax) • Based on what each system supports and/or prefers • DICOM Conformance Statement (DCS): • Humans can determine if two systems are compatible • When purchasing, compare the new system to your currently installed systems “This product supports this list of SOP Classes; here are some details about how the SOP Classes have been implemented and how the system behaves when it uses them”

  8. Some Recent Additions to DICOM

  9. Enhanced Multi-Frame Images • “2nd Generation” objects for most modalities • Common approach to multi-frame, multi-dimension objects • New Attributes (Private->Public) • Acquisition details, Clinical details • New SOP Classes for CT, MR, XA, RF, PET, 3D-XR, 3D-US • New modalities start with this as baseline • Breast Tomo, Ophthalmic OCT, Intravascular OCT, Whole Slide • Benefits • Convenient handling of 1000+ slice studies • Faster transfers (orders of magnitude) • Advanced structure for faster, advanced display • Support for modern/advanced protocols • e.g. in CT/MR: cardiac, gating, perfusion, diffusion, angio, fluoro, multi-stack spine, spectroscopy, functional imaging, color, raw data, …

  10. Fixed Header Dimension data Pixel data Per-frame header Multi-frame Architecture UsingSingle FrameObjects N Objects, N Headers UsingMulti-FrameObjects N Frames, One Header

  11. Segmentation • New SOP Classes • Segmentation Image • Based on Pixels / Voxels • Binary (1-bit/pixel) or fractional(probability or occupancy) • Surface Segmentation • Based on 3D Mesh • May record multiple segments representing: • Tissue type, organ surface, etc. • Example use: • Workstation analyzes images; segments tumor • Segmentation object is stored to the PACS • Display station retrieves/displays segmentation;perhaps for surgical planning

  12. Registration • New SOP Classes • Rigid/Affine Registration • Deformable Registration • Spatial Fiducials • Records one or both of: • Transformations to map one or more data sets(e.g. images) into the space of another data set • Fiducials used for the registration • Example use: • Modality or workstation spatially registers two datasets • Registration object is stored to the PACS • Display station retrieves and applies the transformation;displays fused images

  13. Dose Reporting • New SOP Class • X-Ray Radiation Dose Structured Report • Templates for Projection X-Ray, Mammography, and CT • Records individual Irradiation Events • Does not depend on creation of digital images • Can be correlated with images for dose mapping • Driven by work of IEC and Euratom • IHE Radiation Exposure Monitoring Profile • Facilitates testing and deployment • Example Use: • Modality stores Dose Reports to PACS • Dose Monitoring system retrieves reports and generates weeklyanalysis of departmental dose; monitors compliance with policies

  14. Application Hosting • New concept in DICOM:Portable applications withstandard API to host • Communication between independentcomponents on same system, not communication between systems • Technology: • Web Services / WSDL • Application launch, progress/status, suspend/cancel, complete • Access components of DICOM objects, or entire objects • Use cases: • Molecular imaging agent-specific processing; translational research • Third-party computer-aided detection or analysis applications • New SOP Classes

  15. New Domain:Ophthalmology • New SOP Classes Ophthalmic Optical Coherence Tomography, Lensometry, Autorefraction, Subjective Refraction, Keratometry, Visual Acuity, Spectacle Prescription, Ophthalmic Axial Measurements, Visual Field Static Perimetry • Limited prior standardization • DICOM provides robust,consistent framework forimaging and measurements

  16. New Domain:Anatomic Pathology • New SOP Class • Whole Slide Imaging : hierarchical tiled approach supports multi-gigabyte images • New module • Specimen Module : applied to all modalities that might image specimens • Allows management of specimens in workflow (Modality Worklist and Modality Performed Procedure Step) • Use cases: • Digital Pathology – imaging of whole slide allows softcopy review, remote consultation, computer-aided analysis • Radiology-Pathology Integrated Workflow (cancer diagnosis)

  17. How can you keep up? • dicom.nema.org • Download the current issue of the Standard (free) • Both PDF and Word • Both normal and “Diff” version (showing changes from previous issue) • Monitor and Implement CPs (Change Items) • Keep your product current • Review New Supplements • Current documents are visible at all stages of the process • http://www.dclunie.com/dicom-status/status.html • Review the DICOM Strategy Document • Activity reports from all Working Groups • Attend the next DICOM International Conference and Seminar • Stay tuned!

  18. How you can contribute! • Ask questions/discuss on the DICOM Newsgroup • http://groups.google.com/group/comp.protocols.dicom • Submit Change Proposals • if you find a gap, error, inconsistency or confusing text • mailto:hclark@medicalimaging.org • Respond to Supplements released for Public Comment • Feedback is particularly welcome during Public Comment period • http://www.dclunie.com/dicom-status/status.html • Join DICOM • Membership categories for users, vendors and national bodies • mailto:hclark@medicalimaging.org • Participate in the DICOM Standards Committee and Working Groups • Submit new Work Item proposals • Help develop new Supplements

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