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Phonological rules

Phonological rules. LING 200 Spring 2006. Foreign accents and borrowed words. Borrowed words often pronounced according to phonological rules of borrowing language Foreign accents result from application of native language phonology to target language phonology

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Phonological rules

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  1. Phonological rules LING 200 Spring 2006

  2. Foreign accents and borrowed words • Borrowed words • often pronounced according to phonological rules of borrowing language • Foreign accents • result from application of native language phonology to target language phonology • especially if language learned as adult

  3. Spanish loans into English [r] = alveolar trill [] = voiced velar fricative [] = retroflex approximant; [] = alveolar tap

  4. The original shibboleth

  5. Writing phonological rules • A common format /A/  B / C ___ D A = phoneme(s) which undergo the rule B = aspect of pronunciation changed (allophone created) / = in the context of ___ = location of phoneme in context C, D = conditioning elements of the context • = ‘A becomes or adds B when preceded by C and followed by D’

  6. Examples of phonological rules • Mohawk Voicing • /p t k/  [b d g] / ___ V (V = vowel) • English Aspiration • /p t k/  [ph th kh] / syllable[___ (syllable[ = when syllable initial) • Beware: sounds transcribed with diacritic symbols are not always the predictable allophones

  7. More on allophones • Allophones of a phoneme must be phonetically similar; e.g. [p], [ph] as allophones of /p/ in English

  8. English [N], [h] • [N] = velar nasal • English [N], [h] are in complementary distribution • [h] / ___ V • [N] / V ___ * = unattested, ungrammatical, does not occur

  9. English [N], [h] • Why not /h/  [N] / ___ # or /N/  [h] / # ___ ? • Phonological rules typically add or change single aspects of pronunciation • Either rule would be too complex

  10. Some types of phonological rules • Assimilation: sound becomes more similar to the context • e.g. Mohawk Voicing /p t k/  [b d g] / ___ V • Dissimilation • Deletion • Epenthesis

  11. Dissmilation • A sound becomes less similar to another sound • Laryngeal contrasts in Hindi. • []= voiced retroflex stop • [] = voiceless retroflex stop • [Al] ‘branch’ • [Al] ‘postpone’ • [hAl] ‘wood shop’ • [Al] ‘shield’ 5 = retroflex

  12. Dissimilation • Sanskrit. [b] = voiced aspirated labial stop

  13. Dissimilation Grassman's Law (Sanskrit, Indo-European): • Voiced aspirated stops/affricates are deaspirated before another voiced aspirated stop/affricate. • C C / ___ ... C

  14. Deletion • Cree. Algonquian (BC-Ontario, Canada) • /w/  Ø / C ___ #

  15. Epenthesis • = insertion • Sahaptin [] epenthesis • Sahaptin vowel inventory

  16. Sahaptin consonant inventory

  17. [] = voiceless (alveolar) lateral fricative [AyAy] 'rash, pimples' [p’u] 'teardrop' [/Ap] 'leaf'

  18. Articulation of an ejective stop 0. Vocal folds close, producing [] 0. Back of tongue raises to velum, producing [k]

  19. [k] vs. [k’] [k’] = velar ejective (stop) [kúpi] 'coffee' [k’úsi] 'horse' [kA:s] 'train' [k’Ask’As] 'small'

  20. [q] vs. [q’] [q] = voiceless uvular stop [q’] = uvular ejective velar uvular [qAylí] 'shoe' [q’Xlí] ‘single layer tule mat’

  21. Consonant classes

  22. Sahaptin [] epenthesis in clusters • obstruent + obstruent • /pti:t/ [pti:t] ‘damp’ • obstruent + sonorant • /tmš/ [tmš] ‘chokecherry’ • sonorant + obstruent • /mti:t/ [mtí:t] ‘humid’ • sonorant + sonorant • /mli:š/ [mlí:š] ‘tongue’

  23. Sahaptin [] epenthesis •   / # C __ C sonorant Application of rule: /mti:t/ [] epenthesis [mtí:t]

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