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International Approaches (Ch. 21)

International Approaches (Ch. 21). ConBio. Funding International Efforts. 1) Private Foundations 2) Government Agencies 3) NGOs. Fig. 21.8. Note TNC $ X 10 (MOST!). Funding International Efforts. 1) Private Foundations 2) Government Agencies 3) NGOs

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International Approaches (Ch. 21)

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  1. International Approaches (Ch. 21) ConBio

  2. Funding International Efforts • 1) Private Foundations • 2) Government Agencies • 3) NGOs Fig. 21.8 Note TNC $ X 10 (MOST!)

  3. Funding International Efforts • 1) Private Foundations • 2) Government Agencies • 3) NGOs • Support Global Environment Facility (GEF) of World Bank • 2011: $330 million new grants

  4. Funding International Efforts • How ensure money well-spent? • Look for the “4 Cs” • Concern: Genuine concern for solving problem? • Contracts: Mutually agreeable and enforceable contracts? • Capacity: Institutions, personnel, infrastructure to carry out project? • Causes: Underlying causes addressed?

  5. Funding International Efforts • Another way to fund conservation: debt-for-nature swaps • Developing countries: huge debt ($1.3 trillion, 44% GNP) • Buy debt (pay 5-20% face value) • Forgive debt if country: • Puts land into parks, and/or, • Puts money into conservation

  6. International Development and Conservation • Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs): International banks loan money for development • Official goal sustainable development

  7. MDB problem examples • 1) Indonesia Transmigration Program • $560 million: move people to forested outer islands • To farm, feed selves, pay off loans with farm products Indonesia: #5 in population! 2 hotspots: Sundaland and Wallacea!

  8. MDB problem examples • 1) Indonesia Transmigration Program • Soils infertile, shifting agriculture (“slash-and-burn ag”) developed • Loss 2-6 million ha tropical forest • Ethnic violence/political instability

  9. MDB problem examples • What country contains greatest area of tropical rain forest? 2020 2001

  10. MDB problem examples • 2) Brazilian highways • Roads: rain forest • Project continues (Fig. 21-10) 2020 2001 Fig. 21-11

  11. MDB problem examples • 3) Dams • 3 Gorges Dam (Yangtze River): China Box 21.2

  12. MDB problem examples • 3) Dams • 3 Gorges Dam (Yangtze River): China • Flood control, hydropower, water, navigation • 1 million people displaced • Effects biodiversity?

  13. MDB problems • Result: Some projects opposed by some environmental groups

  14. MDB changes • 1) Funding environmental projects • 2) Requiring environmental assessments • 3) Monitoring protection compliance before more funding • See text for mixed message……. Tamed??

  15. $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ • Final words on funding: • $6.5 billion/yr spent on biodiversity (global) • $245 billion/yr: agricultural subsidies (U.S.) • $1 trillion: defense (U.S.)

  16. Wrapping Up… • Final: Dec. 9, 12-1:45 pm (all mc/matching) website

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