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Clauses and Phrases

By AJ Brown. Clauses and Phrases. The keys for unlocking compound / complex sentences. A clause is a group of words WITH a subject/verb pair. It can be a simple sentence. AJ and her sister lived in Spain. It is sunny. It can be one half of a compound sentence .

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Clauses and Phrases

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  1. By AJ Brown Clauses and Phrases The keys for unlocking compound / complex sentences

  2. A clause is a group of words WITH a subject/verb pair. • It can be a simple sentence. AJ and her sister lived in Spain. It is sunny. • It can be one half of a compound sentence. AJ lived in Spain, and she lived in Japan. It is sunny, but it is not warm. • It can be one part of a complex sentence. AJ lived in Spain when she was 25. Although it is sunny, it is not warm.

  3. There are two kinds of clauses: Clause #1 = independent or main clause • Can be a simple sentence AJ and her sisterlived in Spain. • Can be one clauseof a compound sentence AJlived in Spain, so shespeaks Spanish. • Can be the main clause of a complex sentence AJlived in Spainwhen she was25.

  4. Clause #2 =dependent or time clause Cannot be a simple sentence When AJ and her sisterlived in Spain. Cannot be one clause of a compound sentence When AJlived in Spain, so shespeaks Spanish. Can be the dependent clause of a complex sentence AJlived in Spainwhen shewas 25. Wrong!!! Wrong!!! Correct!!!

  5. Remember… • An independent clause can be in all three types of sentences in English. • A dependent clause can ONLY be in complex sentences. • Also, dependent clauses ALWAYS begin with a subordinating conjunction (if, when, although, that, etc.)

  6. Writing rule to remember about dependent clauses: • They are never a full sentence. They must also havean independent (main) clause • Because Iam hungry. • Iam eatingbecause Iam hungry. • If Istudy a lot. • My Englishwill improveif Istudy a lot. • When Iwas a child. • Ilearned to skiwhen Iwas a child. wrong wrong wrong

  7. Practice – say dependent orindependent D • Before I came to the U.S. • I came to the U.S. • When I was a child. • I was a child. • My sister and I stayed home. • If my sister and I stayed home. I D I I D

  8. A phrase is a group of words WITHOUT a subject/verb pair. • It cannot be a simple sentence. (wrong) AJ and her sister (wrong) on a sunny day. • It cannot be one half of a compound sentence. (wrong) AJ and her sister, and theylived in Japan. (wrong) on a sunny day, but itis not warm. • It cannotbe one part of a complex sentence. (wrong) AJ and her sisterwhen theywere younger. (wrong) Although on a sunny day, itis not warm.

  9. The most common phrase is a prepositional phrase (prep + noun object) • of location in my country on the desk at the store between the houses • of direction from my house to the library into the soup • of time in an hour after two weeks for ten minutes during the day A prepositional phrase CANNOT be the subject

  10. Another common phrase is a noun phrase A noun phrase CAN be the subject • Singular noun a country an egg the moon • Adjective + noun clever students the highest score the hot soup • Gerund + object learning to ski listening to music memorizing grammar rules • Nouns joined by coordinators Stephanie and AJ coffee or tea poor but happy

  11. Practice – say clause orphrase phrase • In the capital of my country. • Between you and me. • I was a child. • If I can. • My sister and her husband • Since I was a child. phrase clause clause phrase clause

  12. Comma rules for clauses Rule #1 = compound sentences • Always write a comma before the conjunction I live in Portland,and I work in Beaverton. He is sleeping right now,but he’ll call you later. I lost my purse,so I called the police. • Do not write a comma between two words or phrases I like ice creamandcandy. The ball went behind the sofaandunder the desk. She is the top studentandmy best friend.

  13. Comma rules for clauses Rule #2 = complex sentences • YES! write a commaif the dependent clauseis 1st. Although I live in Portland, I work in Beaverton. Because he is sleeping right now, he’ll call you later. Since I lost my purse, I called the police. • NO! do not write a comma if the dependent clause is 2nd. I work in Beaverton although I work in Portland. He’ll call you later because he is sleeping right now. I called the police since I lost my purse.

  14. Practice Write a DC in front of the dependent clauses, an IC in front of the independent clauses, and a P in front of the phrases. • The student next to Abdul. • The car stopped. • When he was a small boy. • We went to see a movie. • In the morning or in the afternoon. • The cats were lying in the sun. • Since the dawn of time. • From the easily missed corner. • As soon as the alarm went off. • The music from the southern part of my country. P IC DC IC P IC P P DC P

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