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Mood in Hungarian

Mood in Hungarian. Casper de Groot ACLC - Universiteit van Amsterdam. The three universal moods.

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Mood in Hungarian

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  1. Mood in Hungarian Casper de Groot ACLC - Universiteit van Amsterdam

  2. The three universal moods • The basic illocution of a sentence can be defined as the conversational use conventionally associated with the formal properties of that sentence (cf. Sadock & Zwicky 1985), which together constitute a sentence type. • By their very nature, basic illocutions are restricted to independent sentences and quotations. • The most frequently attested basic illocutions in languages of the world are Declarative, Interrogative and Imperative (Sadock & Zwicky 1985). • The declarative sentence in is conventionally associated with an assertion • the interrogative with a question • the imperative with a command. ACLC - November 26, 2009

  3. The three universal moods Declarative A lányok filmet láttak. the girls film.ACC they.saw ‘The girls saw a movie.’ Interrogative Hódmezővásárhely Mayarországon fekszik? Hódmezővásárhely Hungary.in lies ‘Is Hódmezővásárhely situated in Hungary? Imperative Men-j-etek haza! Go-SBJV-2PL home ‘Go home!’ ACLC - November 26, 2009

  4. Defining Mood • The term mood is used in language descriptions for the morphological category that covers the grammatical reflections of a large semantic area. This area can be subdivided into two smaller ones: • the first concerns the area of illocution the category of illocution is concerned with identifying sentences as instances of specific types of speech act • the second concerns the area of modality the category of modality is concerned with the modification of the content of speech acts. ACLC - November 26, 2009

  5. Defining Mood • Apart from the semantic differences, there are also formal reasons to distinguish between the two areas. • In the expression of illocution the morphological category of mood has to compete with word order and intonation as markers of particular sub-distinctions • whereas modality is expressed by mood markers only. • These distinction is from S.C. Dik (1997) and P.C. Hengeveld (2004) ACLC - November 26, 2009

  6. Defining Mood • A fourth parameter relevant to the discussion of mood in Hungarian is that of Factuality, i.e. the quality of the communicated content being actual (opposed to virtual) or based on fact. • I will argue that the relations between the four parameters Mood, Illocution, Modality, and Factuality are the following ACLC - November 26, 2009

  7. The parameters defining Mood in Hungarian Mood Indicative Subjunctive Conditional Illocution Declarative Interrogative Behavioural Modality Condition Factuality Factual Non-factual ACLC - November 26, 2009

  8. The parameters defining Mood in Hungarian Illocution Declarative Interrogative Behavioural ACLC - November 26, 2009

  9. Declarative v Mirative Assertive Polar Interrogative v Content Interrogative Questioning • Imperative > Prohibitative • v v • Hortative > Dishortative • v • Admonitive • v • Supplicative Behavioural ACLC - November 26, 2009

  10. Declarative v Mirative Assertive ACLC - November 26, 2009

  11. Assertive • Declarative • Mirative There is no distinct form to express Mirative as, for instance, in Albanian. ACLC - November 26, 2009

  12. Polar Interrogative v Content Interrogative Questioning ACLC - November 26, 2009

  13. Questioning • Polar Interrogative By using the Polar Interrogative, A Speaker requests an Addressee to tell whether a certain proposition is true or false. • Content Interrogative By using the Content Interrogative, a Speaker requests an Addressee to identify or specify some part of a predication. ACLC - November 26, 2009

  14. Questioning • Polar Interrogative Szegeden voltál? Szeged.in you.were ‘Were you in Szeged?’ ACLC - November 26, 2009

  15. Questioning • Polar Interrogative Szegeden voltál? Szeged.in you.were ‘Were you in Szeged?’ ACLC - November 26, 2009

  16. Questioning • Modification of Polar Interrogative vajon and the enclitic –e express some kind of doubt, desire, or uncertainty on the part of the Speaker. They do not create sub-types of illocutions; they belong to the area of modality. • Vajon jön(-e) Imre holnap? MOD come(-MOD) Imre tomorrow ‘Will Imre come tomorrow?’ • Gondolkozom, hogy jön-e Imre holnap I.wonder that come-MOD Imre tomorrow ‘I wonder whether Imre will come tomorrow.’ ACLC - November 26, 2009

  17. Questioning • Content Interrogative János mikor volt úszni? question János when was swim ‘When was János off for a swim?’ János ma volt úszni. answer János today was swim ‘János was off for a swim TODAY.’ ACLC - November 26, 2009

  18. Questioning • Content Interrogative János mikor volt úszni? question János when was swim ‘When was János off for a swim?’ János ma volt úszni. answer János today was swim ‘János was off for a swim TODAY.’ ACLC - November 26, 2009

  19. Imperative > Prohibitative • v v • Hortative > Dishortative • v • Admonitive • v • Supplicative Behavioural ACLC - November 26, 2009

  20. Behavioural Illocution in Hungarian Öl-j-ek ‘Let me kill.’ Öl-j-él ‘Kill!’ Öl-j-ön ‘Kill!’, ‘Let him/her kill.’ Öl-j-ünk ‘Let us kill.’ Öl-j-etek ‘Kill!’ Öl-j-enek ‘Kill!’, ‘Let them kill.’ Öl-j-em ‘Let me kill it.’ Öl-j-ed ‘Kill it!’ Öl-j-e ‘Kill it!’, ‘Let him/her kill it’ Öl-j-ük ‘Let us kill it.’ Öl-j-étek ‘Kill it!’ Öl-j-ék ‘Kill it!’, ‘Let them kill it.’ Öl-j-elek ‘Let me kill you.’ ACLC - November 26, 2009

  21. Behavioural Illocution in Hungarian Öl-j-ek ‘Let me kill.’ Öl-j-él ‘Kill!’ Öl-j-ön ‘Kill!’, ‘Let him/her kill.’ Öl-j-ünk ‘Let us kill.’ Öl-j-etek ‘Kill!’ Öl-j-enek ‘Kill!’, ‘Let them kill.’ Öl-j-em ‘Let me kill it.’ Öl-j-ed ‘Kill it!’ Öl-j-e ‘Kill it!’, ‘Let him/her kill it’ Öl-j-ük ‘Let us kill it.’ Öl-j-étek ‘Kill it!’ Öl-j-ék ‘Kill it!’, ‘Let them kill it.’ Öl-j-elek ‘Let me kill you.’ ACLC - November 26, 2009

  22. Imperative > Prohibitative • v v • Hortative > Dishortative • v • Admonitive • v • Supplicative Behavioural ACLC - November 26, 2009

  23. Behavioural: Imperative • Imperative The Speaker commands an Addressee to perform some action. The Addressee may be singular or plural. There is an informal and a polite form. 2 pers. sing. várj(ál)‘Wait!’ [informal singular] 3 pers. sing. várjon ‘Wait!’ [polite singular] 2 pers. pl. várjatok ‘Wait!’ [informal plural] 3 pers. pl. várjanak ‘Wait!’ [polite plural] 2 pers. sing. vár(ja)d Pált‘Wait for Paul!’ [informal singular] 3 pers. sing. várja Pált ‘Wait for Paul!’ [polite singular] 2 pers. pl. várjátok Pált ‘Wait for Paul!’ [informal plural] 3 pers. pl.várják Pált ‘Wait for Paul!’ [polite plural] ACLC - November 26, 2009

  24. Behavioural: Imperative • Modification of the Imperative When the Imperative is used, the perfectivizing prefix is standard as a default and is placed after the verb. The Imperative may be modified. It may be reinforced and becaome a ‘threat’ if the verbal prefix is placed in front of the verb. • Zsuzsát vár-j-admeg az állomáson. Zsuzsa.ACC wait-SBJV-2p ASP the station.at ‘Go to meet Zsuzsa at the station’ • Zsuzsát meg-vár-j-ad az állomáson. Zsuzsa.ACC ASP-wait-SBJV-2p the station.at ‘Go to meet Zsuzsa at the station, or ….’ ACLC - November 26, 2009

  25. Imperative > Prohibitative • v v • Hortative > Dishortative • v • Admonitive • v • Supplicative Behavioural ACLC - November 26, 2009

  26. Behavioural: Hortative • Hortative The interpretation of Hortative occurs in all person distinctions in the verbal paradigm. • Men-j-ünk tovább. Go-SBJV-1PL further ‘Let’s go on.’ • Válassz, melyikkel öl-j-elek meg! choose.SBJV.2SG which.with kill-SBJV.1SG.2SG/PL ASP ‘Choose the one I kill you with.’ ACLC - November 26, 2009

  27. Imperative > Prohibitative • v v • Hortative > Dishortative • v • Admonitive • v • Supplicative Behavioural ACLC - November 26, 2009

  28. Behavioural: Prohibitive • Prohibitive Utterances used as an Imperative together with a negation yield a Prohibitive interpretation. • Ne men-j el. NEG.SBJV go-SBJV-2SG ASP ‘Don’t go away!’ • Note the use of the negative ne instead of nem. The negation element used with the Subjunctive is always ne, glossed as NEG>SBJV, whereas nem is used with the Indicative and Conditional. ACLC - November 26, 2009

  29. Imperative > Prohibitative • v v • Hortative > Dishortative • v • Admonitive • v • Supplicative Behavioural ACLC - November 26, 2009

  30. Behavioural: Dishortative • Dishortative The Hortative use of the behavioural together with a negation yield the Dishortative interpretation. • Téged, kedves ellenség, meg ne öl-j-elek ! you.ACC dear enemy ASP NEG.SBJV kill-SBJV-I.You ‘You, dear enemy, I do not kill !’ ACLC - November 26, 2009

  31. Imperative > Prohibitative • v v • Hortative > Dishortative • v • Admonitive • v • Supplicative Behavioural ACLC - November 26, 2009

  32. Behavioural: Admonitive • Admonitive There are no clear examples of the Bahavioural with the interpretation of the Admonitive. This would then constitute a counter example against the idea that the implicational relations between the subtypes of illocutions also apply to the interpretations, because the Supplicative interpretation does occur in Hungarian. ACLC - November 26, 2009

  33. Imperative > Prohibitative • v v • Hortative > Dishortative • v • Admonitive • v • Supplicative Behavioural ACLC - November 26, 2009

  34. Behavioural: Supplicative • Supplicative With the form hadd it is possible to express a request for permission • Hadd men-j-ek a moziba! Let.SBJV.2SG go-SBJV-1SG the movie.to ‘Please, let me go to the movies.’ • Hadd beszél-j-enek tovább! Let.SBJV.2SG speak-SBJV-3PL further ‘Please, let them speak further.’ ACLC - November 26, 2009

  35. Imperative > Prohibitative • v v • Hortative > Dishortative • v • (Admonitive) • v • Supplicative Behavioural ACLC - November 26, 2009

  36. Declarative v (Mirative) Assertive Polar Interrogative v Content Interrogative Questioning • Imperative > Prohibitative • v v • Hortative > Dishortative • v • (Admonitive) • v • Supplicative Behavioural ACLC - November 26, 2009

  37. The parameters defining Mood in Hungarian Mood Indicative Subjunctive Conditional Illocution Declarative Interrogative Behavioural Modality Condition Factuality Factual Non-factual ACLC - November 26, 2009

  38. Conditional • Condition Hungarian distinguishes a Conditional Mood. The Conditional is marked by the suffix –n on the verbal stem. • Bár / Ha / Bárha tud-ná-nak olvasni! Though / If know-COND-3PL read.INF ‘If they could read!.’ • The Conditional is used in both the protasis and apodosis. • Jó lenne, ha többet lát-n-ám! good be-COND if more.ACC see-COND-1SG ‘It would be good, if I could see him/her/it more.’ ACLC - November 26, 2009

  39. Conditional • Counter factuals Past tense Conditionals form counter factuals. • Jó lett volna, ha többet láttam volna. good be.PST COND if more.ACC see.PST.1SG COND ‘It would have been good, if I had seen more.’ ACLC - November 26, 2009

  40. Conditional • Conditional sentence • Ha nem / *ne késztél volna el … If not / NEG.SBJV be-PST.2SG COND ASP ‘If you had not been late, ….’ • Optative sentence • Bárcsak ne / *nem késztél volna el! if.only NEG.SBJV / not be-PST.2SG COND ASP ‘If only you had not been late!’ ACLC - November 26, 2009

  41. The location of the Optative Mood Indicative Subjunctive Conditional Illocution Declarative Interrogative Behavioural Modality Condition Factuality Factual Non-factual ACLC - November 26, 2009

  42. The location of the Optative Mood Indicative Subjunctive Conditional Illocution Declarative Interrogative Behavioural Modality Condition Factuality Factual Non-factual Ne COND ACLC - November 26, 2009

  43. Conclusions • Mood covers the areas of Illocution and Modality • Illocution uses word order and intonation as markers in competition with other sub-distionctions • Modality uses special markers only • Intonation • Word order: the position of the particle • Negation marker: nem versus ne • Optative construction c.degroot@uva.nl http://home.medewerkers.uva.nl/c.degroot ACLC - November 26, 2009

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