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Galaxies – Island Universes

Galaxies – Island Universes. Here’s the Story We’ll Unfold for You… Hubble’s galaxy classifications: Spirals, ellipticals, irregulars. Structural parts of galaxies: disk, halo, nucleus, bulge Spiral arms – tracers of star formation Globular clusters, relics of galaxy collisions

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Galaxies – Island Universes

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  1. Galaxies – Island Universes Here’s the Story We’ll Unfold for You… Hubble’s galaxy classifications: Spirals, ellipticals, irregulars. Structural parts of galaxies: disk, halo, nucleus, bulge Spiral arms – tracers of star formation Globular clusters, relics of galaxy collisions Galaxy mergers Giant Black Holes in Galaxies: Quasars, Seyferts, Radio Galaxies Dark Matter – the dominant mass in the universe

  2. Hubble Classification Ellipticals: like amped-up globular clusters, and looking a bit squashed as projected onto the sky. S0’s: Bulge + disk, but the disk is faint and has no spiral arms or star formation going on. Spirals: Bulge + disk. Disk has spiral arms and is where the new star formation is happening. Barred Spirals: Same, but additionally have a straight “bar” of stars centered on the center of the galaxy. Milky Way is a barred spiral Irregular: Messy looking galaxies, now known mostly to be galaxies undergoing mergers

  3. A Classic Spiral Galaxy - Andromeda

  4. Spiral gallery

  5. The closest Elliptical Galaxy NGC 205 (lower left); Andromeda’s neighbor

  6. N4013EdgeOnSpiral

  7. EdgeOn Spiral Gallery

  8. HST Sombrero

  9. Sab, n4622

  10. M33 gendler

  11. N3949LateSpiral

  12. N253 late-type spiral

  13. Galaxy Colors: Clue to Stellar Populations • The bulge is reddish – made up of Pop II stars: old stars who’s hot massive members have already died, leaving the cooler red giants or lower mass main sequence stars. • The disk is bluish – made up of Pop I stars and lit up especially by those few, young stellar “superstars” that shine hot and bright and blue.

  14. Spiral arms are bluish from hot young stars, reddish central bulge from old Pop II red giants

  15. Whirlpool

  16. 3 spirals. UltraViolet light from hot young massive stars in the spiral arms

  17. M64 blackeye galaxy

  18. N2787 hst

  19. N4414FloculentSpiral

  20. A Barred Spiral; type SBc

  21. Barred latetype

  22. n4319Barred + seyfert back

  23. Milky Way companion – the Large Magellanic Cloud; a tidally striped dwarf spiral?

  24. The Small Magellanic Cloud (and a globular cluster at right).

  25. Dwarf Spheroidal galaxy companions to the Milky Way • Dwarf spheroidals are small, low mass dark-matter dominated galaxies. • The escape velocity from these low-mass systems is low enough to be a problem… • They have few stars because the initial star formation produced supernovae which blew the gas right out of the galaxy, shutting off further star formation.

  26. SagittariusDwarfIrr

  27. Galaxies are fragile! Especially those floppy disks! • And it’s a dense environment out there. Smash-ups do happen. It’s not uncommon. • Near – misses or encounters with dwarfs may just warp your disk…

  28. warpedSpiral

  29. Warped disk

  30. CenA

  31. CenAunsharp

  32. CenA Chandra Xray

  33. Cen A core

  34. HicksonGroup

  35. 2SpiralCollisionHST

  36. SuperposedSpirals

  37. Spirals Tidal Tail

  38. N6745 spiral messy collision

  39. NGC 4676 tidal tails

  40. M82 wiyn

  41. StephenQuintet

  42. Ring Galaxies • If a small galaxy has a central collision with a larger spiral galaxy, the gravitational pulse can compress gas/dust and make a star formation burst in a ring. • Collision energy added to the central bulge can stretch it out into a very non-spherica shape.

  43. Ring galaxy collisio

  44. HoagsGal

  45. N4650 polar ring

  46. The Active Galaxies Story… • In 1940’s Carl Seyfert identified a class of spiral galaxies – with bright star-like cores. • In 1960’s with the first radio telescopes, these also often showed strong radio emission • Now called “Seyfert Galaxies”

  47. N7742Seyfert

  48. N1068Seyfert

  49. Quasi-Stellar Radio Sources • In 1960’s, we found “stars” with strong radio emission • Spectra contained few lines, and couldn’t be identified • Spectra showed both absorption and emission lines. But stars rarely have emission lines • Hmmm. Bizarre!

  50. How far away were these things? • Spectral lines eventually identified, and all QSO’s showed strong redshifts; like 30-90% of the speed of light! • What could that mean?! • We have to look at the distance ladder and introduce our first bit of cosmology to consider this…

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