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Not-for-profit, community owned and governed Multi-specialty Physician Group Practice

Environmental Disinfection ~ A Review of Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor Technology Lessons from a Community Hospital Nancy Iversen, RN, CIC Director, Patient Safety & Infection Control Billings Clinic niversen@billingsclinic.org 406-657-4823. Not-for-profit, community owned and governed

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Not-for-profit, community owned and governed Multi-specialty Physician Group Practice

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  1. Environmental Disinfection ~A Review of Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor Technology Lessons from a Community Hospital Nancy Iversen, RN, CIC Director, Patient Safety & Infection ControlBillings Clinicniversen@billingsclinic.org 406-657-4823

  2. Not-for-profit, community owned and governed • Multi-specialty Physician Group Practice • 3,750 employees • 260 employed physicians representing 50 specialties • 285-bed hospital, 90-bed LTCF • 7 regional branch clinic locations • Multi-state management affiliations and support services • Member of Mayo Clinic Care Network

  3. Describe two unique characteristics, changing epidemiology, and environmental persistence of Clostridium difficile bacteria Discuss two strategies that prevent the transmission of healthcare-associated Clostridium difficile and other pathogens Describe the current environmental disinfection strategies and application of hydrogen peroxide vapor ~ BIOQUELL Discuss advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen peroxide vapor disinfection technology Learner Objectives

  4. Examples of The UnseenWhat You Learn Will Creep You Out! The Dust Mite Photo courtesy of Janet Stout, PhD, Special Pathogens Lab

  5. About Unseen Dust Mites • A typical mattress may have anywhere from 100,000 to 10 million mites inside. • 10% of the weight of a two-year old pillow can be composed of dead mites and their droppings. Photo courtesy of Janet Stout, PhD, Special Pathogens Lab

  6. Background Environmental contamination contributes to transmission of healthcare-associated pathogens1 There is increased risk of acquisition of multidrug-resistant organisms in rooms where the previous occupant was colonized or infected with the organism2,3, 1. Weber D et el. Am J Infect Control 2010;38:25-33 2. Drees M et al. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:678-85 3. Datta M et al. Arch Intern Med 2011;171:491-494 4. Nseir S et al. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010;Nov 4

  7. Background Standard methods of cleaning and disinfecting surfaces in hospitalized patient’s rooms are sub-optimal1,2 Novel technologies used to decontaminate patient rooms include3,4 Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor (BioQuell) Ultraviolet Light (UV-C Radiation) 1. Boyce JM et al. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010;31:99-101 2. Carling PC. J Hosp Infect 2008;68:273-274 3. Nerandzic MM et al. BMC Infect Dis 2010;10:197 4. Boyce JM et al. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008;29:723-729 5. Havill NL. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012; 33(5):000-000

  8. Contaminated environmental surfaces can contribute to transmission of pathogens By serving as a source from which healthcare workers contaminate their hands or gloves Contaminated medical equipment that comes into direct contact with the patient can serve as a source of transmission Contaminated Surfaces Can Contribute to transmission Boyce JM et al. Infection Control Hosp Epidemiology 1997; 28:1142 Bhalla A et al. Infection Control Hosp Epidemiology 2004; 25:164 Hayden MK et al. Infection Control Hosp Epidemiology 2008; 29:149 Passaretti CL, Clin Infect Dis; 2013; 56(1): 27-35

  9. Survival of Pathogens in the Environment • Pathogens that survive well in the environment include: • Clostridium difficile • MRSA • VRE • Acinetobacter • Norovirus Hota B., et al. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:1182 Kramer A., et al. BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6:130

  10. Rates Increasing world wide and in US Outpacing MRSA Healthcare-associated Infections Common epidemic C. difficile strain continues to be reported from hospitals in expanding list of states More severe disease with higher mortality – 6.9% (30 days), 16.7% at one year higher readmissions higher rates of colectomy in the elderly continues Point-source outbreaks well described Environment plays a role in transmission to other patients Environmental survival of C. difficile spores is 5 months CDI Epidemiology / Issues

  11. Problem / Opportunity Clostridium difficile Infection (CDI) 2007 – December 31, 2014 Cost: $7179 / case (Scott, DR, Direct Medical Costs of HAI in US Hospitals, CDC, March 2009) Published incidence rate: 3.8-9.5 cases per 10,000 patient days (SHEA / IDSA Practice Guideline 2010).

  12. Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) 1997 – March 31, 2011 • 2010 VRE Outbreak Investigation • 6 new HA VRE cases June 2010 – October 2010 • (no HAI VRE cases Jan – June ’10) • 3 HA colonizations (transmissions) • 3 HA infections • PFGE Typing conducted suggested cross-transmission

  13. Terminal cleaning after 2 patient cycles Cleaned & empty room identified Rooms marked with fluorescent marker DAZO, (Ecolab) Room evaluated Billings Clinic Hospital Study (August 2010) Phase 1: Baseline Environmental Cleaning Evaluation Study Design: • Marked 120 high-touch surfaces in 10 Patient Rooms • IPS (2 rooms, N & S) • IPM (2 rooms, N & S) • ICC (1 room) • ATU (1 room) • ICU (1 room) • ICC (1 room) • SSU (1 room) • ED (2 rooms)

  14. Study ResultsHigh Touch Surfaces Cleaning Study – HospitalBaseline ~ August 2010 Ongoing Performance ~ January - December 2013

  15. Footboard Control Panel After Cleaning ~ Fluorescent marks remain

  16. Computer Keyboard After Cleaning ~ Fluorescent marks remain

  17. High Touch Environmental Surfaces Cleaning Verification January – April 15, 2014 98.0% (1505/1536) Currently, DAZO fluorescent marking system is being used for EVS training and patient room disinfection verification. Process improvement ongoing.

  18. High Touch Environmental Surfaces Cleaning Verification

  19. Comparison of Disinfection Technology

  20. Comparison of Disinfection Technology

  21. Bacterial Growth Before & after Decontamination ~ HPV vs. UV-C 68 70 N = 75 33 Number of positive samples 5 HPV vs. UVC (p <0.0001) Havill NL, Moore BA, Boyce JM, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012;33(5):000-000

  22. Bacterial Growth After Decontamination 5 Surfaces using HPV vs. UV-C Shadowed 12 10 Non-shadowed Number of positive samples 5 4 2 2 1 1 1 0 HPV: Shadowed vs. non-shadowed (p =1) UVC: Shadowed vs. non-shadowed (p <0.0001) Cultures with no growth before decontamination excluded Havill NL, Moore BA, Boyce JM, Hosp Infect Control Epidemiol 2012;33(5):000-000

  23. C. difficile Log Reductions Achieved 3.0 2.5 2.2 1.8 1.7 Log reductions Havill NL, Moore BA, Boyce JM, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2012;33(5):000-000

  24. Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor (Bioquell) ProcessEvaluation Period Feb. 2011 Room cleaned of visible soil Ventilation & doorways sealed Generator creates HPV from 35% Hydrogen Peroxide Aeration unit catalytically converts HPV to oxygen and water vapor Computer allows for process control and auto shut off

  25. BioQuell Q-10 Room Sterilization System Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor (HPV)

  26. Biological Indicator ~ Test Organism Geobacillus stearothermophilus • Purchase HPV 106 BI’s from outside lab • Run quarterly testing to verify efficacy • Expose 4-5 HPV BI discs to 10 grams Hydrogen Peroxide • Incubate at 55-600C for 7 days • Chemical indicator pilot Ongoing verification of 106log reduction

  27. BIOQUELL Unit ~ Vent Sealing Device One to three units per room

  28. BioQuell Unit in Use ~ ICU Room 2117 10 min. set-up; 90 min. cycle time; 5 min. tear down

  29. BioQuell Trial ~ ICU Room 2117 10 min. set-up; 90 min. cycle time; 5 min. tear down (ICC Room ~ 4466 = 2 hrs, 40 min. / ICU 2114 = 75 min.)

  30. Consumables (tape) from one room

  31. UV-C Process Room cleaned of visible soil UVC device placed in the center of the room Door closed UVC (254 nm range) delivers 22,000 uW sec/cm2 Hand held device controls settings monitors the process

  32. Tru-D Unit Setup ~ ICC Room 4465 5 min. set-up; 90 min. cycle time; 10 min. tear down

  33. Tru-D Unit In-Use ~ ICU Room 2121 12 min. set-up; 54 min. cycle time; 10 min. tear down

  34. Conclusions HPV and UV-C significantly reduce bacterial contamination in patient rooms HPV is significantly more effective than UV-C for the eradication of bacteria, including spores UV-C is significantly less effective in shadowed areas from the device

  35. Acquire BioQuell Q-10 Unit (HPV) technology for terminal room disinfection Adopt objective measurement for cleaning & disinfection processes (e.g. fluorescent marker, ATP) CDC recommendation, CMS requirement Priority Applications ~ Terminal Disinfection C. difficile rooms VRE rooms IVF Laboratory Equipment Disinfection ~ create BioQuell Room Norovirus Unused supplies in isolation rooms Recommendation

  36. Priority Applications ~ Terminal Disinfection Clostridium difficile rooms (20 minute kill time) VRE rooms Norovirus Emerging Multi-drug Resistant Organisms (MDRO) ESBL, CRE Acinetobacter (BIOQUELL kill time 60 minutes) Other Resistant Gram-negative bacteria IVF Laboratory in Surgery Center Disinfection of Equipment / Unused Supplies Unused medical supplies in isolation rooms Otter JA, Infect Control HospEpidemiol May 2013, Vol. 34, No.5. 7-9% contamination VRE/MDRO, None of the items were contaminated after HPV (p<.02) Annual cost of supplies discarded at hospital discharge was $387,055. Currently run cycles in equipment storage rooms, gait belts. Current Applications

  37. BIOQUELL Cost Per Patient Room • $56.00 per 500ml bottle of peroxide • 2 – 500ml bottles per room • 1 tech at $17.00/hour plus benefits • Average time per room start to finish 3.5 hours (set up 30 minutes) • Total cost per room = $185.00 • Updated 2014: $220.00 new larger rooms • Room size ranges 40-172 m3

  38. BIOQUELL ~ 1 Year Cost Internally Managed Program BIOQUELL Managed Program • 281 patient rooms • 281 rooms at $185 per room • $51,985.00 • $5,000 Annual P.M. and training • Total Annual Cost: $56,985.00 • $13,500/month or • Total Annual Cost: $162,000 • Projected 2014 cost (larger rooms) • 25 rooms / month ~ 300 / year • $220.00 per room + $5,000 annual P.M. • Total Annual Cost: $71,000

  39. BIOQUELL Use Summary • Began November 1, 2011 • 793 applications • 75% C. difficile rooms • 20% cycle cleans • 4% other MDRO’s ~ VRE, Norovirus, ESBL • 1% other (IVF, equipment rooms) • Average cycle time 3.5 - 4 hours, 30 min. set-up • Perform initial terminal clean with bleach disinfectant • Run BI’s quarterly, evaluating CI’s (12 rooms)

  40. Lessons Learned Advantages • Efficacy • Efficacy validated • Retain EVS personnel • Decontamination Specialists • Substantial salary increase • Staff acceptance high • Gait belts • Equipment storage areas Disadvantages • Customer service decline • Recent breakdowns • Longer room turnover • Missed decontaminations • High census, velocity • Breakdowns

  41. Describe two unique characteristics, changing epidemiology, and environmental persistance of Clostridium difficile bacteria Discuss two strategies that prevent the transmission of healthcare-associated Clostridium difficile and other pathogens Describe the current environmental disinfection strategies and application of hydrogen peroxide vapor ~ BIOQUELL Discuss advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen peroxide vapor disinfection technology Learner Objectives

  42. Questions?

  43. Hand Hygiene Study

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