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Understanding Cellular Metabolism: Pathways and Significance in Biology

Explore the intricate world of cellular metabolism and its importance in biological processes. Learn about catabolism, glycolysis, the TCA cycle, anabolism, protein synthesis, and more. Delve into the production of ATP, metabolic pathways, and the electron transport chain.

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Understanding Cellular Metabolism: Pathways and Significance in Biology

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  1. Cellular Metabolism • Energy as it relates to Biology • Metabolism • Catabolism (ATP production) • Glycolysis and the TCA Cycle • Anabolism (Synthetic pathways) • Protein Synthesis

  2. Metabolism • Definition = “All chemical reactions that take place within an organism.” • Metabolic pathways = network of linked reactions

  3. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ClXcQ0WFjkk&feature=related

  4. Glycolysis • From 1 glucose (6 carbons) to 2 pyruvate (3 carbons) molecules • Main catabolic pathway of cytoplasm • Does not require O2  common for (an)aerobic catabolism • Starts with phosphorylation of Glucose to Glucose 6-P

  5. Pyruvate has 2 Possible Fates: Anaerobic catabolism:Pyruvate Lactate Aerobic catabolism:Pyruvate Citric Acid Cycle

  6. Intermediate Step

  7. Glycolysis

  8. FAD and NAD • FAD = B2 (Riboflavin) • NAD = B3 (Niacin) • Acetyl Co A = B1 (Thiamine)

  9. Final step:Electron Transport System • Chemiosmotic theory / oxidative phosphorylation • Transfers energy from NADH and FADH2 to ATP (via e- donation and H+ transport) • Mechanism:Energy released by movement of e- through transport system is stored temporarily in H+ gradient • NADH produces a maximum of 2.5 ATP FADH2 produces a maximum of 1.5 ATP • 1 ATP formed per 2H+ shuttled through ATP Synthase

  10. Organelles

  11. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_PgjsfY71AM&feature=related

  12. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xbJ0nbzt5Kw&feature=related

  13. Electron Transport Chain • On the inner membrane of the mitochondria • Protein complexes including enzymes and iron-containing proteins called cytochromes • Chemiosmotic Theory • Movement of electrons through the etc to produce ATP

  14. Steps to produce ATP • Pairs of high-energy electrons pass from complex to complex along the etc. • Energy released by these reactions is used to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space. • The movement of protons creates a concentration gradient • As the protons move down their concentration gradient into the matrix potential energy stored in the concentration gradient is transferred to the high –energy bond of ATP

  15. Oxidative Phosphorylation • Oxygen is required as the final electron and proton acceptor

  16. ATPsynthase • When the protons move back into the mitochondrial matrix through a pore in ATPsynthase stored energy is converted into chemical-bond energy • The ATPsynthase transfers KE to the high-energy phosphate bond of ATP • A portion of this energy transfer is released as heat and absorbed into the blood

  17. Electron Transport Chain

  18. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3y1dO4nNaKY&feature=related

  19. In the absence of oxygen, which of the following processes can still occur? • Glycolysis • The Kreb’s cycle • Electron transport chain • Oxidative phosphorylation

  20. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids yields • Glucose • Pyruvic acid • Lactic acid • Citric acid • Acetyl CoA

  21. If oxygen is not present in the intermediate step, the end product is • Pyruvate • Lactic acid • Acetyl coenzyme A • Carbon dioxide and water • Fatty Acids

  22. Acetyl CoA + _____________ produces Citric Acid. • Pyruvic Acid • Succinyl Co A • αKetoglutarate • Oxaloacetic Acid • Fumarate

  23. The final electron acceptor in the process of oxidative phosphorylation is • NAD • Oxygen • FAD • Carbon dioxide • Water

  24. Which cytochrome is FAD attracted to in the ETC? • Complex I • Complex II • Cyt b-c1 • Cyt a

  25. In the chemiosmotic theory, how many ATP are ultimately produced from the two electrons from the hydrogen atoms carried by NAD? • 2 • 3 • 5 • 7 • 9

  26. Which cytochrome comes after Q in the electron transport chain? • Cyt b • Cyt c • Cyt a • Cyt a3 • Cyt f

  27. Which vitamins participate in the citric acid cycle as hydrogen carriers? • Pyroxidine and thiamine • Niacin and ascorbic acid • Riboflavin and niacin • Thiamine and biotin

  28. Where in the mitochondria does the Citric Acid Cycle take place? • Inner membrane • Outer membrane • Intermembrane space • Matrix

  29. Glycogen Synthesis Gluconeogenesis Made from glucose Stored in all cells but especially in • Liver (keeps 4h glycogen reserve for between meals) • Skeletal Muscle  muscle contraction Glycolysis in reverse From glycerol, aa and lactate All cells can make G-6-P, only liver and Kidney can make glucose

  30. Water Soluble Vitamins • B1 (Thiamine) • Part of coenzyme cocarboxylase • Transformation of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA • Deficits • Beriberi • Decreased appetite • Vision disturbances • Unsteady gait • Loss of memory and confusion • Fatigue • tachycardia

  31. Water Soluble Vitamins • B2 (Riboflavin) • FAD and FMN • Hydrogen acceptors in body • Deficits • Cracking of lips • Tongue turns purple red and shiny • Light sensitivity • Decreased energy

  32. Water Soluble Vitamins • B3 (Niacin) • Constituent of NAD • Deficits • Listlessness • Headache • Weight loss and loss of appetite • Sore red tongue and lips • Nausea • Vomiting • Diarrhea • Photosensitivity • Cracked and ulcerated skin

  33. Water Soluble Vitamins • B6 (Pyridoxine) • Coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate • Functions in amino acid metabolism • Formation of antibodies and hemoglobin • Deficits • Increased risk of heart disease • Seborrhea around eyes and mouth • In infants: nervous irritability and convulsions

  34. Water Soluble Vitamins • B5 (Pantothenic acid) • Coenzyme A • Deficits • Loss of appetite • Abdominal pain • Depression • Muscle spasms

  35. Water Soluble Vitamins • Biotin • Coenzyme for Krebs cycle • Deficits • Scaly skin • Muscle pain • Pallor • Anorexia • Nausea • Fatigue • Elevated blood cholesterol

  36. Water Soluble Vitamins • C (Ascorbic Acid) • Antioxidant • Formation of connective tissue • Converts tryptophan to serotonin • Enhances iron absorption • Deficits • Joint pains and poor both and tooth growth • Poor wound healing • scurvy

  37. Water Soluble Vitamins • B12 (Cyanocobalamin) • Coenzyme in gastrointestinal cells, nervous tissue and bone marrow • Synthesis of DNA • Division of erythrocytes • Deficit • Pernicious Anemia • Pallor • Anorexia • Dyspnea • Weight loss

  38. Water Soluble Vitamins • Folic Acid • Coenzymes for synthesis of methionine and other amino acids • DNA synthesis • Formation of red blood cells • Formation of normal neural tube in embryonic development • Deficits • Megaloblastic anemia • Gastrointestinal disturbances • Diarrhea • Spina bifida in new born • Low birth weight • Neurological deficits • Increased risk of heart attack and stroke

  39. Fat Soluble Vitamins • A (Retinol) • Synthesis of photoreceptor pigments • Development of teeth and bone • Antioxidant • Deficits • Night blindness • Dry skin and hair • Dry eyes • Defects to developing embryo

  40. Fat Soluble Vitamins • D (Antirachitic factor) • Functionally a hormone • Increases calcium in blood by enhancing absorption • Acts with PTH to remove calcium from bones • Assists in blood clotting mechanism • Deficits • Demineralization of bones and teeth • Rickets or osteomalacia • Restless muscle syndrome

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