Metabolism Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

1. MetabolismPhotosynthesisCellular Respiration Chapters 8-10

2. Metabolism and Energy Organisms are energy transformers! • Metabolism • Catabolism • Anabolism • Bioenergetics • Energy • Kinetic • Heat/Thermal • Light Energy • Potential • Chemical

3. Metabolism and Energy Organisms are energy transformers! • Metabolism • Metabolic pathway begins with a specific molecule, which is then altered in a series of defined steps leading to a specific product • Each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme

4. Metabolism and Energy Organisms are energy transformers! • Metabolism • Catabolism • Energy released (helps to drive anabolic pathways). • Ex: cellular respiration • sugar put in to the body is broken down to do work in the cell (movement, active transport, etc).

5. Metabolism and Energy Organisms are energy transformers! • Metabolism • Catabolism • Anabolism • sometimes called biosynthetic pathways- • Ex: synthesis of a protein from amino acids. • Energy required/absorbed.

6. Metabolism and Energy Organisms are energy transformers! • Metabolism • Catabolism • Anabolism • Bioenergetics • the study of how energy flows through living systems.

7. Metabolism and Energy Organisms are energy transformers! • Metabolism • Catabolism • Anabolism • Bioenergetics • Energy • the capacity to cause change. • Some forms of energy can be used to do work- or move matter against opposing forces • Ex: (friction and gravity) • Ability to rearrange a collection of matter

8. Metabolism and Energy Organisms are energy transformers! • Energy • Kinetic • Relative motion of objects • moving objects can perform work by imparting motion to other matter. • Ex: Moving water through a dam turns turbines, moving bowling ball knocks over pins

9. Metabolism and Energy Organisms are energy transformers! • Energy • Kinetic • Heat/Thermal • comes from the movement of atoms or molecules associated with kinetic energy

10. Metabolism and Energy Organisms are energy transformers! • Energy • Kinetic • Heat/Thermal • Light Energy Type of energy that can be harnessed to perform work Ex. Powering Photosynthesis

11. Metabolism and Energy Organisms are energy transformers! • Kinetic • Heat/Thermal • Light Energy • Potential • Non-kinetic energy • because of location or structure, height, chemical bonds, etc.

12. Metabolism and Energy Organisms are energy transformers! • Kinetic • Heat/Thermal • Light Energy • Potential • Chemical • the potential energy available for release by a reaction. • Ex: Glucose is high in chemical energy and the process of glycolysis breaks it down. As bonds are broken, energy is released, but bonds also reform to make new molecules, thus it uses some energy.

13. Metabolism and Energy Organisms are energy transformers! All original energy comes from light. (photosynthesis- primary producer- consumer- who changes it from chemical to kinetic and releases thermal.

14. Thermodynamics • What is Thermodynamics?

15. Thermodynamics • The energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter

16. Thermodynamics • Thermodynamics • System vs. Surroundings • Isolated System vs. Open System • First Law of Thermodynamics

17. Thermodynamics • Two Laws of Thermodynamics govern energy exchange: • First Law of Thermodynamics • Second Law of Thermodynamics

18. Thermodynamics • Two Laws of Thermodynamics govern energy exchange: • First Law of Thermodynamics • energy cannot be created or destroy- • Only transferred or transformed • Known as Principle of conservation of energy

19. Thermodynamics • Second Law of Thermodynamics • During energy transfer, some energy become unusable energy (unavailable to do work) • Entropy (S) – Measure of disorder or randomness

20. Thermodynamics • So, What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics? • Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe

21. Thermodynamics • Spontaneous (Energetically Favorable) vs. Nonspontaneous Processes • Leads to the second way we state the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics: • For a process to occur spontaneously, it must increase the entropy of the universe

22. Think-Pair-Share • How does the second law of thermodynamics help explain the diffusion of a substance across a membrane? • If you place a teaspoon of sugar in the bottom of a glass of water, it will dissolve completely over time. Left longer, eventually the water will disappear and the sugar crystals will reappear. Explain these observations in terms of entropy.

23. Gibbs Free Energy • Free Energy • Portion of system’s energy that can perform work when temp and pressure are uniform throughout system • ΔG = free energy of a system • -ΔG = spontaneous reaction • +ΔG = nonspontaneous reaction • ΔG = 0 = Dead Cell (can do no work) ΔG = ΔH – TΔS ΔG = ΔGfinal – ΔGinitial • Enthalpy

24. Gibbs Free Energy ΔG = ΔH – TΔS ΔG = ΔGfinal – ΔGinitial • ΔH = he change in the system’s enthalpy • What is enthalpy? • Total energy • ΔS = change in system’s entropy • T = absolute Temperature in Kelvin

25. Gibbs Free Energy • Endergonic vs. Exergonic Reactions +ΔG -ΔG Non-Spontaneous Spontaneous

26. Warm Up Exercise • Glow in the dark necklaces are snapped in a way that allows two chemicals to mix and they glow. Is this an endergonic or exergonic reaction? Explain. • In simple diffusion, H+ ions move to an equal concentration on both sides of a cell membrane. In cotransport, H+ ions are pumped across a membrane to create a concentration gradient. Which situation allows the H+ ions to perform work in the system?

27. ATP and Cellular Work • Three Types of Work • Chemical • Transport • Mechanical • Energy Coupling • Phosphorylated Intermediate

28. ATP Hydrolysis • kh

29. ATP and Cellular Work

30. ATP Cycle • The body regenerates 10 million molecules of ATP per second per cell!

31. Flashback • Name the four major macromolecules and their monomers.

32. Enzymes • Enzymes- biological catalyst • Substrates

33. Enzymes • Activation Energy (EA)

34. Enzymes • Enzymes catalyze reactions by lowering the activation energy.

35. Enzymes • Enzyme + Substrate = Enzyme-Substrate Complex Enzyme Enzyme- Enzyme + Substrate + Substrate(s) Complex Product(s)

36. Enzymes • Active Site • Induced Fit

37. Warm Up Exercise • Explain the affect that enzymes have on activation energy. • What is a substrate? • Describe what is meant by induced fit.

38. Effects of Environment • Temperature • pH • Concentration of Enzyme • Concentration of Substrate

39. Enzymes • Cofactors • Coenzyme

40. Enzyme Action • Competitive Inhibitors • Noncompetitive Inhibitors

41. Allosteric Regulation

42. Cooperativity • Cooperativity

43. Feedback Inhibition

44. Warm Up Exercise • Explain the difference between competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors • Describe the negative feedback demonstrated by ATP/ADP.

45. Cellular Respiration

46. Cellular Respiration • Cell respiration is a catabolic pathway. • Aerobic Cellular Respiration • Anaerobic Cellular Respiration (aka: Fermentation)

47. Redox Reactions • Reduction vs. Oxidation • Why are carbs and fats the best molecules for energy? • Why must glucose be broken down in a series of steps rather than one quick reaction?

48. Electron Transport • Dehydrogenase- removes electrons from glucose (or other substrate) transferring them to its coenzyme (NAD+) which is reduced to NADH. (NADH = potential energy) • NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)- an electron carrier. • Cycles between NAD+ and NADH

49. NAD to NADH

50. Electron Transport • As glucose is broken down (in many small reactions) electrons are shuttled (by NADH) down the Electron Transport Chain (ETC). • Ultimately, oxygen is the final electron acceptor.