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Immune Responses To HIV

Immune Responses To HIV . Dr. Dimitrios Vatakis. Immune responses to HIV: Innate immune system Adaptive immune system: CD4 T cells B cells CD8 T cells Tweaking the immune system to fight HIV. Innate immune system. HIV counter-attack

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Immune Responses To HIV

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  1. Immune Responses To HIV Dr. DimitriosVatakis

  2. Immune responses to HIV: • Innate immune system • Adaptive immune system: • CD4 T cells • B cells • CD8 T cells • Tweaking the immune system to fight HIV

  3. Innate immune system

  4. HIV counter-attack • The virus can infect members of the innate immune system • Innate cells can act as depot and effectively transmit virus • Inhibition of function via viral factor release and/or improper immune signals Innate responses against HIV • Rapid and first line of defense against the virus • Identify and contain the invader • Alert and activate the adaptive immune response • Release pro-inflammatory signals • Clearance of infected cells • Internalize and process the virus to present to B cell and T cells to initiate the adaptive response

  5. CD4 T cells

  6. HIV counter-attack • Infect CD4 T cells • Deplete the CD4 T cell population removing the “brains” of the immune response • Uses surviving CD4 T cells as reservoir CD4 T cell responses against HIV • Orchestrate adaptive immune response • Activated by innate immune system • Facilitates killer T cell (CD8) and B cell activation • Release signals and growth factors for proper responses

  7. B Cells

  8. HIV counter-attack • Early infection causes too much activation and overwhelms B cells: • Poor antibody responses • Loss of B cells • Exhaustion • Virus mutates at a very high rate • Loss of CD4 T cells: • Increase immature B cells • Exhaustion • Decreased memory B cell responses against HIV • Directed by CD4 T cell to make antibodies against HIV • Antibodies neutralize the virus to prevent spread

  9. CD8 T cells

  10. HIV counter-attack • Virus mutates and escapes • Chronic inflammation leads to exhaustion • Lack of CD4 T cells: • Insufficient signals to activate more killer cells • Defective memory • Impaired function CD8 T cell responses against HIV • Killer arm of the immune system • Seeks, identifies and destroys infected cells • Controls virus at the initial months of infection

  11. Immunity and the Cure • Use the immune system to develop “functional cure” • Cases of naturally occurring immunity against HIV • Development of therapeutic vaccines • Utilize the innate immune system

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