Introduction to Nanotechnology

1. Introduction to Nanotechnology Module 1 Definition and History of Nanotechnology

2. We’ve heard of……. • Microscopes • Microphones • Microelectronics • Microwaves • Microbiology

3. They all have the same prefix……. “micro” • “Micro” comes from the Greek word that means “one millionth” • When this prefix is applied to a length, like a meter, we end up with a length that is one millionth of a meter or 10 -6 m • Each of the previous objects has some attribute or portion that is of the size of a micrometer (μm)

4. “nano” • The prefix “nano” comes from the Greek word that means one billionth • When the prefix “nano” is applied to a length, like a meter, we have one billionth of a meter, or 10 -9 m or one nanometer (nm) • Atoms are smaller than 1 nm, DNA is about 2.5 nm across • Human hair is about 100,000 nm in diameter (not length) • Molecules are formed by individual atoms that have interactions over a range of a few to tens of nanometers

5. Nanotechnology is….. the ability to observe, image, study, measure and manipulate at the molecular and atomic scale.

6. “Nano” is……. In summary • A prefix that means “1-billionth” • Can have a billionth of anything: • An inch, a gallon, a liter, a second etc. • We are familiar with the prefix “micro” – which means 1 millionth • Micro electronics, micro biology • In the case of the application of the prefix micro above – we are usually referring to a unit of length • Transistors sizes of one-millionth of a meter or looking at biological molecules and cells that are one-millionth of a meter in size

7. “Nano” is……. In summary • When we discuss “nano” technology the same is true – we are often talking about a length scale. • The unit of interest is the nanometer, with symbol nm

8. ????? So how did it come about? Source: Images from Microsoft Clip Art

9. Application of nanoscience is not new! Cinoa.org Pinker.wjh.harvard.edu/photos/New_York

10. Over the last several decades… Modifications Improvements New ‘scopes asmicro.com hysitron.com

11. Blogs.zdnet.com

12. 1959Feynman gives after-dinner talk describing molecular machines building with atomic precision 1974Taniguchi uses term "nano-technology" in paper on ion-sputter machining “production technology to get the extra high accuracy and ultra fine dimensions, i.e. the preciseness and fineness on the order of 1 nm (nanometer), 10^-9 meter in length" 1981STM invented 1985Buckyball discovered www.godunov.com 1986AFM invented www/rsc.org/chemsoc 1989IBM logo spelled in individual atoms utah.edu 1997First company founded: Zyvex IBM.Com

13. Just What is Nanotechnology? It is the application of “tools” *– developed over the last 20 years - that allow us to manipulate and study material at the molecular and atomic level. Similar to the development of optical microscopes 350 years ago. Allows or enhances the interdisciplinary nature of the sciences – has the opportunity to remove the discipline “stovepipes” and encourage communication and sharing Offers students an opportunity to combine multiple talents and interests Application to all disciplines and traditional sciences and career disciplines *These tools include: AFM: Atomic Force Microscope STM: Scanning Tunneling Microscopic SEM: Scanning Electron Microscope TEM: Tunneling Electron Microscope X-ray diffraction

14. Why is understanding the molecular or atomic level structure of a material important? Why do we care about this level of structure?

15. Why is understanding the molecular or atomic level structure of a material important? Atomic (electronic) structure webelements,.com Molecular structure trace-elements.org.uk Visionlearning.com millies.sg Physical characteristics Electrical characteristics Biological characteristics blogiversity.org Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

16. Why do we care about this level of structure? Because much of what occurs in the world around us happens at that level.

17. Nano/Biotech circle NanoScience Tools • Examples: Brownian motion, adhesion, cell movement NanoScience Tools

19. About Nanotechnology • Nanotechnology – Application of specific tools (Atomic Force Microscopes, Scanning Electron Microscopes etc.) that allow us to observe and manipulate material at the molecular or atomic scale. • Over 700 products currently in the market which take advantage of nanotechnology.

20. About Nanotechnology • Every industry or market segment will be impacted by nanotechnology, with impacts in electronics and material science applications coming first, communication and disease diagnostic applications in the near future and in vivo disease treatment approaches or tailored drugs in the far future.

21. About Nanotechnology • The application of nanoscience to industry is forecasted to create billions of dollars of revenue over the next 10 to 15 years. •  Need for trained employees is critical to support the anticipated economic growth. Over 800,000 trained employees needed in the next 10 years in the US with over 50% being technicians. (Estimate is 4 to 6 technicians per PhD researcher.)

23. Material Science Engineering Physics NanoScience Nanotechnology Chemistry Medicine Biology

24. Focus Areas for Traditional Sciences • Math • Exponents, algebra, trig, statistics • Biology • Cell structure, ion channels, proteins, energy creation • Chemistry • Colloids, wet, atomic structure, bonding mechanisms

25. Focus Areas for Traditional Sciences • Physics • Force, momentum, optics, quantum, solid state • Engineering • Transistor fab and operation, material properties, measurement

26. The “Big Ideas” of Nanoscale Science* Sense of Scale Surface area to volume ratio Density, force and pressure Surface tension Priority of forces at different size scales Material/Surface properties *Understanding of these concepts requires an integration of the disciplines of math, biology, chemistry, physics and engineering