Industry

1. Industry

2. Describe the different types of industry, e.g. primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary Discuss the main features of an industrial system Explain the factors which influence the location of industry. Use an OS map to: describe the advantages (location factors) of a particular site for manufacturing industry in the past, or new industries at the present time Describe the environmental impact of the industrial development Describe the features of both old and new industrial landscapes. Learning Intentions

3. Learning Intentions… For any named industrial concentration in the EU (a case study such as the Ruhr): • Explain the physical factors which led to the growth of early industry (outline the geographical reasons behind the area’s former prosperity) • Describe the past and present distribution of coal mining and related activities • Suggest the likely impact of coal mining and related activities on the environment of the area • Suggest reasons for the area’s subsequent decline • Describe and explain the recent industrial changes and discuss their impact on the area • Describe ways in which the landscape has changed as a result of regeneration • Describe and comment on the success of steps taken to bring about redevelopment • Suggest why human and economic factors have become more important in accounting for the location of industries today • Describe the locational factors which play a part in attracting foreign manufacturing industries to the area.

4. GMT • Annotate and analyse field sketches and photographs of old and new industrial landscapes • Describe and analyse industrial and employment survey results: e.g. describe and explain employment changes or industrial patterns shown in a table, and suggest possible future trends • comment on the accuracy of statements which describe industrial patterns shown on maps, tables, etc.

5. WE WILL • Describe the different types of industry, e.g. primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary • Be able to give specific examples for each sector.

6. Primary • The primary sector of the economy involves changing natural resources into primary products. • Most products from this sector are considered raw materials for other industries. • Major businesses in this sector include agriculture, agribusiness, fishing, forestry and all mining and quarrying industries.

7. Secondary • The secondary sector of the economy includes those economic sectors that create a finished, usable product: manufacturing and construction. • This sector generally takes the output of the primary sector and manufactures finished goods or where they are suitable for use by other businesses, for export, or sale to domestic consumers. • This sector is often divided into light industry and heavy industry.

8. Tertiary • The tertiary sector of economy (also known as the service sectoror the service industry) • As an economy becomes more developed it there is a shift from primary to secondary industry and then on to tertiary industry.

9. Quaternary • Principally concerns the intellectual services: information generation, information sharing, consultation, education and research and development.

11. Question • Define – with the aid of an appropriate example for each – the terms Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary industries. 6 Marks

12. Activity • Make up question cards for the reading on pages 270-275. (Remember to put the answers on the back)

13. WE WILL • Discuss the main features of an industrial system.

14. Input – What goes into the factory to create the final product. • Process – The jobs which need to be completed. • Output – The end result

15. PROCESSES OUTPUTS INPUTS Raw materials Labour Power Management tasks Training staff Researching Final product Secondary products Waste

16. Activity Copy the diagram of industry as a system on page 279.

17. WE WILL • Explain the physical factors which led to the growth of early industry (outline the geographical reasons behind the area’s former prosperity) • Describe the past and present distribution of coal mining and related activities • Suggest the likely impact of coal mining and related activities on the environment of the area

18. Extend the spider diagram by describing why each point helps industry develop in particular areas. Use page 276-277 for Ravenscraigor use Wales case study notes to extend spider diagram further with case study points Site and availability of land Labour Supply Market Growth of Industry Raw Materials Transport Energy

19. Growth Factors for Wales • high quality coal, easy to mine from valley bottoms • iron ore found within the coal measures • limestone found locally • charcoal then rivers then coal for power • valley floors were flat for building on • labour from rural areas of Wales and southwest England • coal and steel went to markets of the British Empire • canals and railways provided transport • Cardiff and Swansea docks for exports around the world.

20. Wales • During the 19th Century Southern Wales became a vitally important industrial area, for both iron and steel production. The steep valleys, with their fast flowing rivers, provided power and transport. The hills were rich with raw materials, such as coal, iron ore and limestone, and the area was close to the ports of Cardiff and Swansea. • In 1860 there were over 30 iron works in the valleys of South Wales. They provided vital employment for the local villages, which became almost solely dependent on the new industries.

21. Question • Describe the physical and human factors that led to the growth of industry 10

22. Activity • Use page 271-275 to complete chart the changing location of industry in Scotland.

23. Changing Location of Industry - Scotland Stage 1 Domestic Self Sufficient Water powered Secondary industry developed anywhere where clusters of people Dispersed Local raw materials - transportation Kilbrachan in Renfrewshire Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4

24. Activity • Pick one of the case studies (Sambre-Meuse, Saltaire, Bonawe) and make a summary poster.

25. Homework • For an area you have studied describe and explain the both the physical and human factors which have led to the growth of industry. 10

26. Activity • Make your own case study notes for Ravenscraig using page 276-279. • (Use the sub heading they have used in the textbook) • You can use the internet to find more information.

27. Ravenscraig Case Study – History and Decline Ravenscraig is an area of land located in North Lanarkshire, Scotland Reason for Decline Location Factors Raw Materials Products Impact of Decline Processes Impact on People

28. Ravenscraig Case Study - Regeneration Set in the heart of Scotland’s Central Belt in North Lanarkshire, Ravenscraig will be the country’s first new town in more than 50 years.This is one of the largest regeneration projects in Europe, covering 450 hectares (1,125 acres) - an area equivalent to 13 London Canary Wharfs, 700 football pitches or twice the size of Monaco.Ravenscraig will become home to over 10,000 people, and is expected to create 12,000 jobs and attract in excess of £1.2 billion of private sector investment over the next 15 to 20 years.A project of national significance, Ravenscraig will provide many local and national benefits - it will lead to the construction of: • Around 3,500 new homes• A new town centre with 84,000 sq m of retail and leisure space.• Up to 216,000 sq m of business and industrial space• Major parkland areas • A new transport network• New sports facility• A new college campus• Two New schools. The £32 million Ravenscraig Regional Sports Facility opened its doors to the public on Thursday 30th September 2010. The state-of-the-art sporting facility will deliver real benefits in sport and recreation, and provide the local community with a range of health, fitness and leisure opportunities. Phase one will see over 800 family homes built adjacent to Carfin and Cleekhimin, with construction already under way the first houses are likely to be completed in late 2010.As part of the total development, some 3,500 new homes will be built providing housing for up to 10,000 people all with access to the latest telephone and broadband connectivity.

29. WE WILL • Suggest reasons for an industrial area’s subsequent decline • Describe and explain the recent industrial changes and discuss their impact on the area

30. Decline • During the next 40 years improvements in the smelting process, meant that the production of iron was replaced by steel manufacture, which was more profitable. The natural resources needed were the same. • By the 1990's only two steelworks were left in South Wales, and both of them were on the coast. The resources had run out, only one coal-mine remained working and the many small works in the valleys had closed down, causing huge social problems.

31. Integrated Works • The new works were integrated steel works, which imported their raw materials from abroad. • These aimed to make the industry more efficient and competitive in a growing world market. • Not only is there competition form other countries but also form other materials that are increasingly being used instead of steel. Materials, such as aluminium and plastics.

32. Port Talbot • An example of one is the integrated steel works at Port Talbot. Opened in 1954, it is an integrated steelworks, which is one in which all processes of the steel making industry occur under one roof. • The coal and iron ore deposits of South Wales have long since run out or become too costly to get at, so both of these raw materials are imported from places such as Africa and South America. Locational advantages • large area of flat land • near to the sea for importing and exporting purposes • Near by is a large workforce and access to the entire British market through the excellent motorway links. It has created employment opportunities in the area, and has encouraged further investment and growth.

33. The Ebbw Vale Iron Works, later to become the Ebbw Vale Steelworks, opened in 1778, followed by the opening of a number of coal mines around 1790. At its height (1930s — 40s) the steel works in Ebbw Vale was the largest in Europe. By the 1960s around 14,500 people were employed in the works in and around Ebbw Vale Ebbw Vale Originally a rather insignificant spot in rural Monmouthshire with only about 120 inhabitants at the end of the 18th century, Ebbw Vale—and the whole valley—was transformed by the Industrial Revolution. Ebbw Valeis a town at the head of the valley formed by the Ebbw Fawr tributary of the Ebbw River, south Wales. It is the largest town and the administrative centre of Blaenau Gwent county borough. The Ebbw Vale and Brynmawr conurbation has a population of roughly 33,000. Extra Notes The end of the 20th century witnessed a massive collapse to the industry.A strike in 1980 was followed by closures and redundancies which resulted in the dismantling of many of the old plants.In 2002 only 450 were employed in the old industries, and by July of that year the final works closed Unemployment in Ebbw Vale is among the highest rates in the United Kingdom, largely the result of the decline of the mining and steel industries. In 2003 work began on demolishing the long-standing steelworks, and currently around one to two miles of the valley stands empty awaiting development.

34. Regeneration The Works The Ebbw Vale Steelworks site known as "The Works“is being re-developed under a £350 million regeneration project by Blaenau Gwent Council and Welsh Government. It will then have many different uses; housing, retail & office, wetlands, a Learning campus and many other uses. The steelworks closed in 2002 and the land was remediated over a period of approximately five years. Outline planning consent was granted in 2007 for a mixed use development. Transport Links The Works is located off the A4046 on Steelworks Road, which connects to the A467 leading down to J28 of the M4. Both London and the Midlands are both around 2.5 hours away. With the development of the new train station at The Works, Cardiff is a short train ride away. From here London and the Midlands can again be reached within 2.5 hours. Regular services to other major destinations are also available through the Ebbw Vale Cardiff rail link. Business and enterprise will play a big part in the future of The Works, a part that will add to the success of existing business parks and innovation centres in the area. New Facilities The new sports complex will complement the state of the art education facilities on The Works site, which include the Learning Zone and a new 3-16 school. It promises to attract people from all over the heads of the valleys region. It will replace the current Ebbw Vale Leisure Centre with a building fit for purpose for the 21st Century with an investment of over £15million. Blaenau Gwent’s new £60 million hospital is the first big construction project at The Works. http://www.theworksebbwvale.co.uk/?lang=en

35. Wales – Video clips • http://www.bbc.co.uk/britainfromabove/stories/rewinds/ebbwvale.shtml • http://www.bbc.co.uk/britainfromabove/stories/buildingbritain/bigpit.shtml • http://www.bbc.co.uk/britainfromabove/stories/buildingbritain/disappearingindustry.shtml

36. http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/geography/human/industrial/revision/2/http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/geography/human/industrial/revision/2/

37. Falling customer demand for the product as new technology takes over. Competing businesses often subsidised by their governments Increased competition leading to falling prices and profits. Improved (and cheaper) transport and communication means that products do not need to be manufactured near to the market. Cheaper labour from countries such as India. Reason for Industrial Decline Ending of government incentives to encourage new industries. Modernisation of plants in order to compete can result in redundancies. Increased competition from overseas markets, particularly NICs. (steel producers) raw materials of coal and iron ore had to be imported valleys remote from coast and market loss of overseas markets with break up of British Empire

38. Exam Questions • With reference to named examples within an area of industrial decline in the European Union you have studied give reasons for the industrial decline 8 Marks

39. Impact of Industrial DeclineWales

40. Rise in cases of depression. Rise in crime rates in area. unemployment high in the valleys and in the docks abandoned railway sidings and derelict buildings at Cardiff docks Need to regenerate both the valleys and the docklands, requiring government or EU assistance • Associated service and supply industries close. • Cycle of economic decline sets in. • Depopulation, particularly amongst young people and young families. • Leading to further service closures. • Areas in decline find it difficult to attract new investment as area becomes run down. • Need to improve the infrastructure to attract industries to allow diversification away from traditional industries.

41. Limiting Long Term Illness - nine of the twenty authorities with the highest levels of long-term illness are Welsh, of which four are located within the top five. Permanently Sick or Disabled - eight of the twenty worst authorities are Welsh, of which four are located in the top five. No Qualifications - four out of the twenty authorities with the highest levels of no qualifications are Welsh, of which two are located in the top five People Providing Unpaid Care - nine of the top twenty authorities are Welsh, of which seven are located in the top ten. Housing Condition - a high percentage of the housing stock in Wales is in poor condition, for example in the Blaenavon Housing Renewal Area 81% of the 993 houses were unfit or eligible for grant assistance

42. Population Structure and Demographics • The 2001 census showed for the first time that there are more people over 60 than there are children. • While the proportion of the population aged under 16 has decreased from 24% in 1951 to 20% in 2001, the proportion of the population aged 60 and over has increased from 16% in 1951 to 21% in 2001. • Translating this as numbers the increase is even starker in relation to the number of people aged 85 and over. In 1951, there were 0.2 million people aged 85 and over (0.4% of the population) in the UK. In 2001 this number had grown to just over 1.9% of the population, 1.1 million people.

43. Deprivation has also been caused by the loss of population in certain areas. • This is dramatically illustrated in a typical mining community like Merthyr Tydfil that grew from 8,000 in 1801, peaked at 85,000 in 1921 and declined to a population of 56,000 today.

44. Impact of Industrial Decline Social Economic Environmental

45. Exam Question • Describe the social, economic and environmental impacts of the closure of industries on the local population and the surrounding area. 8 Marks

46. Homework • Read pages 290-300 for class quiz next lesson.

47. WE WILL • Describe ways in which the landscape has changed as a result of regeneration • Describe and comment on the success of steps taken to bring about redevelopment

48. Landscape • The 1950s saw increased resources for health and housing with a rapid increase in the level of social housing provision. Large council-owned estates emerged on the hillsides, increasing the level of housing in this tenure to 25% by the 1970s. Merthyr Tydfil

49. Retail • The retail revolution has also impacted upon the street scene with the move away from high street shops to large out-of-town retail outlets. • This change in shopping patterns is mainly attributable to greater accessibility with the growth in car ownership and an improved highway infrastructure, particularly in the south with the construction of the M4 motorway and the Severn crossings. • In rural communities, local shops, schools, public houses and community centres are being closed because it is not possible to sustain them.

50. Regeneration Differences • Unitary authorities throughout Wales are attempting to address these issues, but the different character of the various areas (landscape, social make-up and industrial composition), means that there is wide variation in the type of regeneration projects being undertaken. • These include major former industrial sites such as Cardiff Bay; the less prosperous area of the South Wales valleys which are dependent on government interventions and rural deprivation in Mid, West and North Wales.