Mind Map

1. materials that can be recycled in it Mind Map Ecosystem 1. carbon cycle 2. nitrogen cycle a stable system with interaction between energy flow within it can be represented by made up of organisms environment 1. food web food chains 2. pyramid of energy consists of same species living in the same habitat components including abiotic factors biotic factors 3. pyramid of numbers producers are populations including primary consumers interaction of organisms in the habitat 1. temperature 4. pyramid of biomass different groups form 2. light secondary consumers 3. rainfall and humidity including community 1. predation tertiary consumers 4. wind 2. competition 5. soil decomposers 3. commensalism 6. pH their positions are called 4. mutualism trophic levels 5. parasitism

2. Summary 7.5 Environmental protection Measures of Environmental protection Preserving biodiversity Protecting endangered species The 3Rs concept Improving air quality Improving water quality otherwise, illegal to kill, capture or sell Reduce Control of emissions from motor vehicles Education Disruption of food chains Reuse Enforcement by law Recycle Set nature reserves Treatment of chemical wastes Control of emissions from industry Loss of habitats Sewage treatment

3. Mind Map Environment damaged by humans through air pollution water pollution noise pollution over-exploitation of resources pollutants include pollutants include causes include 1. sulphur dioxide 1. acid rain 1. domestic wastes 1. deforestation 2. global warming 2. over-consumption of fossil fuels 2. nitrogen dioxide 2. agricultural wastes 3. destroying ozone layer solid wastes to landfill sites cause 3. carbon monoxide 3. industrial wastes land pollution 4. photochemical smog 4. carbon dioxide 5. particulates 6. lead 7. CFCs

4. Mind Map Environment measures for environment protection 1. preserving biodiversity 2. protecting endangered species 3. recycling of used materials 4. pollution control 5. educating the public 6. enforcement of law target sustainable development

5. 8.7 Leaves – organs of photosynthesis Summary Features of leaf Adaptation for photosynthesis Allow light to pass into mesophyll Cuticle & epidermis are transparent Palisade mesophyll cells are closely packed and contains many chloroplast Ensure that maximum amount of light can be received Minimise water loss during the gaseous exchange Stomata are mainly found on the lower epidermis

6. 8.7 Leaves – organs of photosynthesis Summary Features of leaf Adaptation for photosynthesis Spongy mesophyll has many air spaces Allow rapid diffusion of gases into and out of the cells Gases & light can reach the mesophyll cells easily The leaf is thin The leaf is flat Provide a large surface area for absorbing sunlight

7. Mind Map Photosynthesis occurs inside rate can be affected by requirements products 1. chlorophyll chloroplasts 1. light intensity glucose oxygen 2. carbon dioxide 2. carbon dioxide concentration process consists of 3. sunlight function in cells converted to 1. light reactions 4. water provides energy 1. amino acid 2. dark reactions 2. sucrose 3. starch 4. cellulose 5. fats