Research paper

1. Research paper English III

2. Objectives • Students will learn prewriting, drafting, and revising techniques for writing a literary research paper • Students will learn how to evaluate and cite sources • Students will write a formal research paper answering the question, “What makes a monster?” • Students will use literature, class discussion, articles, interviews and informational literature to answer the question. • Students will be way smarter when this is finished.

3. A Good Research Paper • Answers questions about the interpretation of what makes a monster. • Uses multiple, reliable sources • Documents sources of information • Follows an outline to support a clear thesis • Uses formal but accessible language • Follows the rubric

4. Prewriting • Choose a research topic from the essential question • Use Frankenstein as your base • Search the textbook, articles, internet, etc. to find different opinions and points of view • Jot down sources as you browse in case you want to use them in the paper • Make a Research plan using the 5W-How method

5. 5W-How • Answer the questions: • Who? • What? • When? • Where? • Why? • How?

6. 5W-How Example • Who is the monster? • What makes someone/thing a monster? • When does it become a monster? • Where is it a monster? Society? Alone? • Why is it a monster? What is the cause? • How do you create a monster? Origin? Static or dynamic?

7. Purpose and Audience • Purpose is to convey the results of your research to your audience. • Your audience is usually your teacher and classmates. • What does your audience already know about the literary work? Does the essay require a book summary? What will you need to explain?

8. Begin Research • Start with general reference materials. • You want an overview of your topic. • Explore a variety of print and nonprint resources. • Examples: library, books, magazines, newspapers, museums, art galleries, government offices, universities, tv and radio, internet. • Balance primary and secondary sources. • Primary- original information, letters, autobiographies, historical docs, literature and art. • Secondary- reference works, documentaries, biographies.

9. Record Sources • Part of your research process (and grade) will be to create source cards as you go. (pg. 507) • Source number • Publishing information • Annotation • Call number

10. Plagiarism • There are few intellectual offenses more serious than plagiarism in academic and professional contexts. • the uncredited use (both intentional and unintentional) of somebody else's words or ideas. • Results: zero on paper, meeting with parents, principal and teacher; referral.

11. How to Avoid it… • Note the name of the idea's originator in the sentence or throughout a paragraph about the idea • Ex/ Shelley often quoted her husband’s and Byron’s work to describe Victor’s feelings. • Use parenthetical citations, footnotes, or endnotes to refer readers to additional sources about the idea, as necessary • Ex/ Most who grow up in an alcoholic home suffer depression (Smith and Jones). • Be sure to use quotation marks around key phrases or words that the idea's originator used to describe the idea • Ex/ Clearly Shelley believed in the evil of man stating, “men appear as monsters.”

12. Paragraphs • A paragraph is a collection of related sentences dealing with a single topic. • Keep one idea to one paragraph. One idea + several bits of evidence to support the idea. • Unity- entire paragraph has one focus. • Coherence- make the paragraph easy to understand. • Topic sentence- indicates what the paragraph is going to deal with.

13. Transitions • Connect paragraphs to unify writing. • Word/sentence links to let the reader know how all the topics tie together. • Pick up key words or phrases from the previous paragraph to make the connection.

14. Transitional Devices • To prove: because, for, since, for the same reason, obviously, evidently, furthermore, moreover, besides, indeed, in fact, in addition, in any case, that is • To compare: whereas, but, yet, on the other hand, however, nevertheless, on the contrary, by comparison, where, compared to, up against, balanced against, vis a vis, but, although, conversely, meanwhile, after all, in contrast, although this may be true • To give an example: for example, for instance, in this case, in another case, on this occasion, in this situation, take the case of, to demonstrate, to illustrate, as an illustration, to illustrate

15. Rough Draft • Each body paragraph should have: • Topic sentence + evidence (1-2 sentences) + analysis (1-2 sentences) • Write one paragraph at a time based on your outline and 3x5 cards • Write without judgment! • Don’t stop!

16. Introduction • Your first sentence is an ATTENTION-GRABBER!!!! • You need a HOOK to get the reader interested. • How about a famous quote or proverb or myth? • What about a dilemma? • Remember the upside down triangle • End with your thesis statement: What is a monster?

17. MLA General Guidelines • MLA (Modern Language Association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. • Double space, Times New Roman, 12 pt. font • Leave one space after periods. • All margins should be 1” on each side. • Header: upper right hand side should state your last name and page number. • Use italics instead of underline for titles of long works.

18. MLA First Page Formatting • No title page • Upper left hand corner: Your name, instructor’s name, the course, the date. Double space. • Double space again and center title. • Double space between title and first line of text.

20. MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics • Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the Works Cited page. • Whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text, must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry in the Works Cited List.

21. MLA: Author-Page Style • The author's name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example: • Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263). • Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263). • Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263). • Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page

22. In-Text Citations • With known author: Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as "symbol-using animals" (3). Human beings have been described as "symbol-using animals" (Burke 3). • Without known author: We see so many global warming hotspots in North America likely because this region has “more readily accessible climatic data and more comprehensive programs to monitor and study environmental change . . . ” (“Impact of Global Warming” 6).

23. Other Sources • Citing the Bible: Ezekiel saw "what seemed to be four living creatures," each with faces of a man, a lion, an ox, and an eagle (New Jerusalem Bible, Ezek. 1.5-10). • Citing Non-Print or Sources from the Internet: When creating in-text citations for electronic, film, or Internet sources, remember that your citation must reference the source in your Works Cited. • One online film critic stated that Fitzcarraldo is "...a beautiful and terrifying critique of obsession and colonialism" (Garcia, “Herzog: a Life”).

24. When a Citation is Not Needed • You do not need to give sources for familiar proverbs, well-known quotations or common knowledge.

25. Short Quotations • According to some, dreams express "profound aspects of personality" (Foulkes 184), though others disagree. • According to Foulkes's study, dreams may express "profound aspects of personality" (184). • Is it possible that dreams may express "profound aspects of personality" (Foulkes 184)? • Mark breaks in short quotations of verse with a slash, /, at the end of each line of verse: (a space should precede and follow the slash) • Cullen concludes, "Of all the things that happened there / That's all I remember" (11-12).

26. Long Quotations • For quotations that extend to more than four lines of verse or prose: place quotations in a free-standing block of text and omit quotation marks. • Start the quotation on a new line, with the entire quote indented one inch from the left margin; maintain double-spacing.

27. Long Quote Example • Nelly Dean treats Heathcliff poorly and dehumanizes him throughout her narration: They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even in their room, and I had no more sense, so, I put it on the landing of the stairs, hoping it would be gone on the morrow. By chance, or else attracted by hearing his voice, it crept to Mr. Earnshaw's door, and there he found it on quitting his chamber. Inquiries were made as to how it got there; I was obliged to confess, and in recompense for my cowardice and inhumanity was sent out of the house. (Bronte 78)

28. Long Quotes of Verse When citing long sections of poetry, keep formatting as close to the original as possible: In his poem "My Papa's Waltz," Theodore Roethke explores his childhood with his father: The whiskey on your breath Could make a small boy dizzy; But I hung on like death: Such waltzing was not easy. We Romped until the pans Slid from the kitchen shelf; My mother's countenance Could not unfrown itself. (quoted in Shrodes, Finestone, Shugrue 202)

29. Interview Citation • Personal interviews: Personal interviews refer to those interviews that you conduct yourself. List the interview by the name of the interviewee. Include the descriptor Personal interview and the date of the interview. Purdue, Pete. Personal interview. 1 Dec. 2000.

30. Owl at Purdue • The Purdue OWL. Purdue U Writing Lab, 2010. Web. 5 May 2011. http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/