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Marine invasions

Marine invasions. Mgr. Martina Balzarová www.balzarova.cz. Causes of marine invasions. Natural – wind , waves , currents , hitchhiking on big animals … Human causes Ballast water transfer Escapes from aquariums , aquacultures …

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Marine invasions

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  1. Marineinvasions Mgr. Martina Balzarová www.balzarova.cz

  2. Causes of marine invasions • Natural – wind, waves, currents, hitchhiking on biganimals… • Humancauses • Ballastwater transfer • Escapesfromaquariums, aquacultures… • New conectingcanals (e.g. Suez canal 1869, Lessepianmigration) • Trade, travell

  3. Marine invaders • 84% of all world´s coastal ecosystem are invaded by at least 1 species • Mostly industrial regions such as Europe, US, Australia • Less data but great shipping industry Southeast Asia

  4. Major pathways • Hitchhiking on ships (69%) • Aquaculture (41%) • Canals (17%)

  5. „Killeralgae“ Caulerpataxifolia • native to the Indian and Pacific Oceans • has escaped public and private aquariums in California, Japan, Australia, and Monaco. • It has spread widely in the Mediterranean (1984), replacing native plants and depriving marine life of food and habitat. • In California, it was eradicated at considerable cost using toxic chemicals. 

  6. Lionfish (Pteroisvolitans, P. miles) • Native to Pacific and Indian ocean • 6 individuals escaped from aquarium in Florida after huricanne Andrew in 1992 • Few were founded before in 1985 – aquarists • Now the whole Caribean sea is invaded

  7. TheRed King crab(Paralithodescamtschaticus) • Native Bering Sea • Invasion in Barent sea and European Artic • Intentionally introduced in 1960s • In 2011 similar species Neolythodes yaldwini invading Antartica

  8. Sea walnut (Mnemiopsis leidyi) • Native to the east coast of North and South America • In 1982 it was discovered in the Black Sea, where it was transported by ballast water. • It spread to the Caspian Sea. • In both places it multiplied and formed immense populations. • Collapse of local fisheries because they feed on zooplankton that the commercial fish also consume. • It has also been discovered in the Mediterranean, Baltic, and North Seas.

  9. Veined Rapa Whelk (Rapanavenosa) • Native to the northwest Pacific, from Vladivostok, Russia to Hong Kong. • In 1946 it was discovered in the Black Sea and later spread to the Mediterranean. • In 1998, it was found in the Chesapeake Bay • It is also established in European coastal waters from Norway to Spain, and in the Rio de la Plata estuary in South America. • severely reduced shellfish in the Black Sea, but is now fished and sold to Asian countries as food.

  10. Green Crab (Carcinus maenas) • Native in Europe • Established populations in America, Australia, South Africa, Japan. • Predator afecting coastlife and aquacultures. 1817 North America 2003 South America 1983 South Africa 1800s Australia 1993 Tasmania

  11. Zebra Mussel (Dreissenapolymorpha) • Native to the Caspian Sea, lagoons of the Black Sea and their inflowing rivers. • Lives in fresh and brackish water and cannot tolerate full seawater. • In the 18th and 19th centuries, it spread through European canals, reaching the Baltic Sea and many European river estuaries • In 1988 it was discovered in the Great Lakes and has spread to many rivers and lakes in eastern and central North America.

  12. Pacific oyster (Crassostreagigas) • Native to Japan, pacific coast of Asia • being cultivated in the coastal waters • after introduction this oyster now started to invade nearby natural habitats, squeezing out native oysters and other species • Viruses and sea weed „oyster thief“ (Colpomenia peregrina) introduced as well!

  13. Sources and futher reading…. • 100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species http://www.issg.org/database/species/search.asp?st=100ss • Carlton J.T. 1996: Pattern, processandprediction in marineinvasionecology • MarineBioinvasions, proc. ofconference 1999, edd. by J.Pederson • Schofield P.J. 2010: Update ofgeographicspreadofinvasivelionfish… • Molnaretal. 2008: Review, Assesingtheglobaltreatofinvasive species to marinebiodiversity • Ruiz G.M. Towardsunderstandingthepatternsofmarineinvasions in spaceandtime

  14. Thank you for your attention!

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